Atropine
From Proteopedia
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=== Introduction and Background === | === Introduction and Background === | ||
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(image, atropine) | (image, atropine) | ||
- | Atropine is an alkaloid drug derived from levohyscocyamine, a plant compound found in the family Solanaceae<ref> Atropine. Encyclopedia Brittanica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/42015/atropine</ref>. It's chemical name is 8-methyl-8-azabicycolo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl) 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate, and the most common medicinal form of atropine is atrophine sulfate ((C17H23NO3)2·H2SO4·H2O)<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. It is a competitive inhibitor of both acetylcholine and phospholipase 2 and has a variety of effects on both humans and animals. Although it is poisonous, in the correct dosages it has a wide variety of medical uses in both human and veterinary medicine, and can be given orally, through IV fluids, or rectally. Atropine can be seen in complex with phospholipase 2A on the right. The <scene name='Sandbox_53/side-chain residues/1'> | + | Atropine is an alkaloid drug derived from levohyscocyamine, a plant compound found in the family Solanaceae<ref> Atropine. Encyclopedia Brittanica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/42015/atropine</ref>. It's chemical name is 8-methyl-8-azabicycolo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl) 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate, and the most common medicinal form of atropine is atrophine sulfate ((C17H23NO3)2·H2SO4·H2O)<ref> Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine </ref>. It is a competitive inhibitor of both acetylcholine and phospholipase 2 and has a variety of effects on both humans and animals. Although it is poisonous, in the correct dosages it has a wide variety of medical uses in both human and veterinary medicine, and can be given orally, through IV fluids, or rectally. Atropine can be seen in complex with phospholipase 2A on the right. The <scene name='Sandbox_53/side-chain residues/1'>side-chain residues</scene> of phospholipase A in the active site can be seen when zooming in on the protein to the right. |
=== Function=== | === Function=== |
Revision as of 03:28, 8 March 2011
Please do NOT make changes to this Sandbox. Sandboxes 30-60 are reserved for use by Biochemistry 410 & 412 at Messiah College taught by Dr. Hannah Tims during Fall 2012 and Spring 2013. |
Contents |
Atropine
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Introduction and Background
(image, atropine)
Atropine is an alkaloid drug derived from levohyscocyamine, a plant compound found in the family Solanaceae[1]. It's chemical name is 8-methyl-8-azabicycolo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl) 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate, and the most common medicinal form of atropine is atrophine sulfate ((C17H23NO3)2·H2SO4·H2O)[2]. It is a competitive inhibitor of both acetylcholine and phospholipase 2 and has a variety of effects on both humans and animals. Although it is poisonous, in the correct dosages it has a wide variety of medical uses in both human and veterinary medicine, and can be given orally, through IV fluids, or rectally. Atropine can be seen in complex with phospholipase 2A on the right. The of phospholipase A in the active site can be seen when zooming in on the protein to the right.
Function
Atropine is part of the tropane group alkaloid family, which includes other substances such as cocaine. Atropine binds to acetylcholine receptors, blocking the action of acetylcholine and therefore suppressing the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system[3]. In humans, it is metabolized approximately 50%, hydrolyzed to tropine and toropic acid, and the remaining unchanged drug is excreted in the urine[4].
Medical Uses
Since atropine affects the parasympathetic nervous system, it has a wide variety of effects. It is largely used as an ophthalmic drug, as it paralyzes the accommodation reflex and dilates the pupil[5]. It is most commonly seen in ophthalmics, as it paralyzes the accommodation reflex in the eye and dilates the pupils. The mechanism for dilation involves blocking the contraction of the circularly pupillary sphincter muscle, which is normally stimulated by acetylcholine release[6].
Outside of ophthalmic use, Atropine is also used in the treatment of heart conditions such as bradychardia (low heart rate), asystole, and subsequently, cardiac arrest. Because atropine blocks acetylcholine, and therefore the parasympathetic nervous system, the vagus nerve cannot slow the heart and it remains at a constant rate[7]. In addition, salivary, sweat, and mucus glands are inhibited by atropine, which is useful in treating asthma, or when keeping the airways of a surgical patient clear under anesthesia.
Atropine is also a good antidote for poisoning by organophosphates and nerve gases, prime agents in bioterrorism[8], because Atropine blocks acetylcholine at muscscarininc receptors. Atropine, however, has side effects that include nausea, dizziness, blurred visions, tachycardia, and hallucinations, and due to these side effects it has recently become more popular as a recreational drug.
Uses in Veterinary Medicine
Like human medicine, atropine is widely used in veterinary medicine in a variety of different medical situations.
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References
- ↑ Atropine. Encyclopedia Brittanica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/42015/atropine
- ↑ Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine
- ↑ Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine
- ↑ Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine
- ↑ Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine
- ↑ Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine
- ↑ Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine
- ↑ Atropine. New World Encyclopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atropine
Lindsey Hayes 03:53, 8 March 2011 (IST)
Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)
Lindsey Hayes, David Canner, Alexander Berchansky, Michal Harel, OCA