User:Sruti Aiyaswamy/Sandbox 1

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==Biological Significance==
==Biological Significance==
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There are a wide range of microbes that stimulate MAIT cells via MR1 interaction, and they all synthesize riboflavin. This suggests a possible mode by which MAIT cells might sense microbial infection or overgrowth at mucosal sites in an MR1-restricted manner. <ref>PMID:23051753</ref> There are possibly many species of bacteria in the gut flora that have riboflavin biosynthetic pathways. Perhaps the constant stimulation of MAIT cells serves as way for the body to strengthen the immune system, so as to not be overcome by the co-existing microbiota. The human microbiome is very delicately balanced. It is possible that a spiked growth of an opportunistic pathogen could trigger extensive MAIT cell activation (via MR1) to cause an effective immune response against the pathogen.
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There are a wide range of microbes that stimulate MAIT cells via MR1 interaction, and they all synthesize riboflavin. This suggests a possible mode by which MAIT cells might sense microbial infection or overgrowth at mucosal sites in an MR1-restricted manner.<ref>PMID:23051753</ref> There are possibly many species of bacteria in the gut flora that have riboflavin biosynthetic pathways. Perhaps the relatively frequent stimulation of MAIT cells serves as way for the body to strengthen the immune system, so as to not be overcome by the co-existing microbiota. The human microbiome is very delicately balanced. It is possible that a spiked growth of an opportunistic pathogen could trigger extensive MAIT cell activation (via MR1) to cause an effective immune response against the pathogen. There also could be other microbial-specific metabolites<ref>PMID: 22674330</ref>that may serve as indicators of microbial infections that undergo immunosurveillance. <br> The pterin ring, an important component of MR1 ligands, occurs widely in nature and also represents a common scaffold of small molecule therapeutics.<ref>PMID:23051753</ref> Further research must be done to determine if MAIT cell-MR1 interactions are affected by drugs and diet.
==References==
==References==
<references />
<references />

Revision as of 09:32, 27 November 2012

Contents

Introduction

The MHC class I-like molecule, MR1, is an antigen presenting protein that specifically activates mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells.[1] It has been found that microbial vitamin B metabolites serve as MR1 ligands that activate the MAIT cells.

MR1 is MHC Class I Related

MHC Class I in complex with peptide

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate
Where does this lead?


















Finally relate how MHC structure/function is similar to MR1. Explain chains, b2m, folding.

Structure of MR1-antigen Complex

Structure of MR1 in complex with b2m and 6-formyl

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

MR1-restricted MAIT Activation

MAIT Cell Receptor

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Biological Significance

There are a wide range of microbes that stimulate MAIT cells via MR1 interaction, and they all synthesize riboflavin. This suggests a possible mode by which MAIT cells might sense microbial infection or overgrowth at mucosal sites in an MR1-restricted manner.[2] There are possibly many species of bacteria in the gut flora that have riboflavin biosynthetic pathways. Perhaps the relatively frequent stimulation of MAIT cells serves as way for the body to strengthen the immune system, so as to not be overcome by the co-existing microbiota. The human microbiome is very delicately balanced. It is possible that a spiked growth of an opportunistic pathogen could trigger extensive MAIT cell activation (via MR1) to cause an effective immune response against the pathogen. There also could be other microbial-specific metabolites[3]that may serve as indicators of microbial infections that undergo immunosurveillance.
The pterin ring, an important component of MR1 ligands, occurs widely in nature and also represents a common scaffold of small molecule therapeutics.[4] Further research must be done to determine if MAIT cell-MR1 interactions are affected by drugs and diet.

References

  1. ↑ Ochs HD, Oukka M, Torgerson TR. TH17 cells and regulatory T cells in primary immunodeficiency diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 May;123(5):977-83; quiz 984-5. PMID:19410687 doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.03.030
  2. ↑ Kjer-Nielsen L, Patel O, Corbett AJ, Le Nours J, Meehan B, Liu L, Bhati M, Chen Z, Kostenko L, Reantragoon R, Williamson NA, Purcell AW, Dudek NL, McConville MJ, O'Hair RA, Khairallah GN, Godfrey DI, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J. MR1 presents microbial vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells. Nature. 2012 Oct 10. doi: 10.1038/nature11605. PMID:23051753 doi:10.1038/nature11605
  3. ↑ Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Kinross J, Burcelin R, Gibson G, Jia W, Pettersson S. Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science. 2012 Jun 8;336(6086):1262-7. Epub 2012 Jun 6. PMID:22674330 doi:10.1126/science.1223813
  4. ↑ Kjer-Nielsen L, Patel O, Corbett AJ, Le Nours J, Meehan B, Liu L, Bhati M, Chen Z, Kostenko L, Reantragoon R, Williamson NA, Purcell AW, Dudek NL, McConville MJ, O'Hair RA, Khairallah GN, Godfrey DI, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J. MR1 presents microbial vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells. Nature. 2012 Oct 10. doi: 10.1038/nature11605. PMID:23051753 doi:10.1038/nature11605

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