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The study of the structure also showed on the surface of the Cu-Binding Site different regions <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_713/Negatively_charged/1'>highly negatively charged</scene> (Glu 156, Glu 160, Glu 183 , Asp 167 et Asp 131 ) and <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_713/Positively_charged/1'>positively</scene> charged(Lys 132, Lys134, Lys161, His 147, His 151 and Lys 155)
The study of the structure also showed on the surface of the Cu-Binding Site different regions <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_713/Negatively_charged/1'>highly negatively charged</scene> (Glu 156, Glu 160, Glu 183 , Asp 167 et Asp 131 ) and <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_713/Positively_charged/1'>positively</scene> charged(Lys 132, Lys134, Lys161, His 147, His 151 and Lys 155)
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Four residues (His 147, His 151, Tyr 168, Met 170) have also been identified as able to bind copper. Those four residues are forming a <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_719/Tetrahedral_coordination_spher/1'>tetrahedral metal binding site</scene> also called tetrahedral coordination sphere.
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'''His147''', '''His151''', '''Tyr168''', '''Met170''' are residues that have been identified as able to bind copper. Those four residues are forming a <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_719/Tetrahedral_coordination_spher/1'>tetrahedral metal binding site</scene> also called tetrahedral coordination sphere.
=='''Biological role'''==
=='''Biological role'''==

Revision as of 16:06, 4 January 2013

Template:Sandbox ESBS 2012

Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein copper-binding domain


Image:2fkl.png
Caption


PDB ID 2fkl

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate
2fkl, resolution 2.50Å ()
Gene: APP (Homo sapiens)
Related: 1owt, 2fjz, 2fk1, 2fk2, 2fk3
Resources: FirstGlance, OCA, RCSB, PDBsum
Coordinates: save as pdb, mmCIF, xml







Contents

Introduction

2fkl is located in the protein called APP Amyloid precursor protein going from residue 126 to 189. This proteins plays a major role into the developpement of alzheimer desease[1]. APP cleavage by BACE and gamma secretase gives endeed rise to the Aβ peptide, which forms at the end an aggegation of amyloid plaques [2] . As the interaction between copper ion and APP can modulate the production of Aβ pepetide [3] and also the progression of Alzheimer disease, the structure study of the Cu-binding site of this protein can give a lot of informations for the developpement of novel therapeutics.







Structure

Insert caption here

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The three dimensional structure of the Cu-Binding Site was first determined by resonance multidimensional NMR spectroscopy (article DOI 10.1074/jbc. M300629200 –2003). More recently, the determination of the crystallographic structure permits to define the molecular interaction between Cu Binding site and copper.(Kong 2007)

2fkl is constituted by two chains called A and B[4]. Both chains have the same length and the same organization. Each chain also contains an going from residue 147 to 159 packed against a triple-strand beta sheet. The strand going from residue 133 to 139, the going from residue 162 to 167, and the going from residue 181 to 188. There is one more Beta sheet, B0, formed by the residues 127 to 139 of the B chain.

Between the Cysteine 133 and the Cystein 187 we can find a which links and another one BETWEEN CYSTEIN 158 and CYSTEIN 186 which links the alpha helix to the strand Beta 3. Between the cysteine 144 and the cysteine 174 we can describe another .

In order to improve the stabilization of this structure there is a small which contain different residues from each seconday structure. (Leu 136, Trp 150, Val 153, Ala154, Leu 165, Met 170, Val 182 and Val 185) The study of the structure also showed on the surface of the Cu-Binding Site different regions (Glu 156, Glu 160, Glu 183 , Asp 167 et Asp 131 ) and charged(Lys 132, Lys134, Lys161, His 147, His 151 and Lys 155)

His147, His151, Tyr168, Met170 are residues that have been identified as able to bind copper. Those four residues are forming a also called tetrahedral coordination sphere.

Biological role

the CuBD of APP is able to store, to reduce and to transport Copper, which is important for life, but can also become toxic for the cell. [5]

APP is a transmembrane metalloprotein, which belongs to a large family of APLP (amyloid precursor-like protein). Thanks to its extracellular Cu-binding domain (CuBD) constituated by the amino acids describe above, APP can modulate copper transport. The Cu-binding domain of the apo protein seems to be able to fixe Cu(II) and to reduce it into Cu(I). More precisely, the Tyr 168, the His 147 and the His 151 participate in Cu(II) binding but not the methionine. In addition, two molecules of water, one axial and one equatorial play an important role in the formation of the APP-Cu(II)complex ==> je vais expliquer comment intervient l'eau exactement =) (PDB ID : 2fk1). The arrangement of the atoms involved in the Cu(II) binding adopt a square pyramidal geometry which can be classified as a Type 2 non-blueCu(II) center. In this type of center Cu(II) is bound by two or three nitrogene ligands and oxygen ligands. Met170 is supposed to act as an electron donor to Cu(II). ==> manque sources, et detailler met + comment se fait la réduction. M'en charge =)=) In the Cu(I) binding geometry (PDB id 2fk2), there is no axial water molecules ; the site adopts also a distorted square planar arrangement which is unfavorable for Cu(I) suggesting that this states is not favorable and can lead to the tranfert of the Cu (I) to others proteins. the CuBD of APP is able to store, to reduce and to transport Copper, which is important for life, but can also become toxic for the cell.

Medical Implication

Additionnal Resources

PDB file of 2fkl
PDB file of 2fk1
PDB file of 2fk2


References

  1. ↑ Selkoe DJ. Alzheimer's disease is a synaptic failure. Science. 2002 Oct 25;298(5594):789-91. PMID:12399581 doi:10.1126/science.1074069
  2. ↑ Kang J, Lemaire HG, Unterbeck A, Salbaum JM, Masters CL, Grzeschik KH, Multhaup G, Beyreuther K, Muller-Hill B. The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature. 1987 Feb 19-25;325(6106):733-6. PMID:2881207 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/325733a0
  3. ↑ Kong GK, Miles LA, Crespi GA, Morton CJ, Ng HL, Barnham KJ, McKinstry WJ, Cappai R, Parker MW. Copper binding to the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein. Eur Biophys J. 2008 Mar;37(3):269-79. Epub 2007 Nov 21. PMID:18030462 doi:10.1007/s00249-007-0234-3
  4. ↑ Barnham KJ, McKinstry WJ, Multhaup G, Galatis D, Morton CJ, Curtain CC, Williamson NA, White AR, Hinds MG, Norton RS, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, Parker MW, Cappai R. Structure of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein copper binding domain. A regulator of neuronal copper homeostasis. J Biol Chem. 2003 May 9;278(19):17401-7. Epub 2003 Feb 28. PMID:12611883 doi:10.1074/jbc.M300629200
  5. ↑ Kong GK, Miles LA, Crespi GA, Morton CJ, Ng HL, Barnham KJ, McKinstry WJ, Cappai R, Parker MW. Copper binding to the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein. Eur Biophys J. 2008 Mar;37(3):269-79. Epub 2007 Nov 21. PMID:18030462 doi:10.1007/s00249-007-0234-3

Contributors

Milène Walter, Andréa Mc Cann


sth to add : binding with cu

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