Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

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Revision as of 09:11, 27 August 2014

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Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GlpD) is a membrane bound enzyme in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes. Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GlpD) is an oxidoreductase enzyme which catalyzes the reduction in reaction of Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate to Glycerol 3-Phosphate, with NADH as the reductant. GlpD is involved in many cellular functions such as phospholipids biosynthesis, respiration and metabolism. ^[1]The GlpD is a dimer consisting of two subunits which contain the catabolite activator protein (CAP)-Domain,the flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)-Domain and a ubiquinone analogue, MD.

Structure

Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

GlpD is a dimer that consists of two subunits; α and β. The GlpD structure also contains seven ligands; 1,3-Dihydroxyacetonephosphate (13P), β-Octylglucoside (βOG), 1,2-Ethanediol (EDO), Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD), Imidazole (IMD), PO4 (Phosphate Ion) and N-(Tris(Hydroxymethyl)methyl)-3-Aminopropanesulfonic Acid (T3A). The active sites on GlpD are the Cap-Domain, FAD- Domain and a ubiquinone substrate analogue, menadione (MD).

The C-terminal CAP-Domain consists of negatively charged residues that are opposite in orientation to the positively charged residues of the FAD-Domain in the phospholipid membrane. The CAP-domain is responsible in gene transcription and helical turns.

The N-terminal FAD-Domain exists in each monomer subunit of GlpD and is embedded into the phospholipid membrane bilayer.Substrate binding occurs at this domain which causes a conformational change to the structure of the GlpD enzyme. The FAD-domain plays a major role in metabolism and energy synthesis.

Function

GlpD functions in the intracellular membrane of E. coli and in the inner-mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. In E. Coli, GlpD catalyzes and reduces the reaction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol 3-phosphate in the glycerol metabolism pathway. The binding of the substrate analogues (glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate, glyceric acid 2-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate)or UQ substrate analogues (2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide and menadione). The conformational change of the structure and resiudes of GlpD catalyzes many different metabolic reactions.

Metabolic Pathways

Phosphoplipid Biosynthesis

GlpD reduces dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol 3-phosphate. Then the glycerol 3-phosphate is catalyzed by acyl transferase to 1-acylglyverol-3-phosphate, and then another acyl transferase catalyzes that to a phosphatidic acid. head groups are added to the phosphatidic acid to synthesize phospholipids.

Glyceroneogenesis

GlpD is also involved in the glyceroneogenesis pathway. By gluconeogenesis, phosphoenolpyruvate converts to dihydroxyacetone phosphate which is reduced by GlpD to glycerol 3-phosphate which then forms a backbone for the synthesis of triacylglycerol.

Respiration

The FAD-domain in GlpD plays a major role in the transport of electrons into the repiratory pathway. Glycerol 3-phosphate is oxidized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate with simultaneous reduction of of FAD to FADH2 occuring, and the electrons are transported to Ubiquinone, which are further transported to oxygen or nitrogen and into the respiratory pathway.

Diseases

GlpD is involved in diseases such as alzeheimer`s, muscle dystrophy, hyaline membrane diseases and many more.

3D structures of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Updated on 27-August-2014

GPDH

3da1 – GPDH + FAD – Bacillus halodurans
2qcu - EcGPDH + FAD – Escherichia coli
2r4j, 2r4e - EcGPDH + FAD + DHAP
2r46 - EcGPDH + FAD + 2-phosphopyruvic acid
2r45 - EcGPDH + FAD + 2-phospho-glyceric acid
1yj8 – GPDH – Plasmodium falciparum

NADPH-dependent GPDH

3k96 – GPDH – Coxiella burnetii
2pla, 1x0x – hGPDH + NAD – human
1wpq - hGPDH + NAD + DHA
1x0v – hGPDH
4fgw – GPDH - yeast
1z82 – GPDH + NADP + G3P + glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate – Thermotoga maritima
1txg – GPDH + glycerol – Archaeoglobus fulgidus
1evy – GPDH – Leishmania mexicana
1n1g, 1m66, 1m67, 1jdj – LmGPDH + inhibitor
1evz - LmGPDH + NAD
1n1e – LmGPDH + NAD + DHAP

References

1. ↑ Yeh JI, Chinte U, Du S. Structure of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an essential monotopic membrane enzyme involved in respiration and metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Mar 4;105(9):3280-5. Epub 2008 Feb 22. PMID:18296637