User:Fadel A. Samatey/FlhBc I

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Inhibition of a type III secretion system by the deletion of a short loop in one of its membrane proteins.

Vladimir A. Meshcheryakov, Akio Kitao, Hideyuki Matsunami and Fadel A. Samatey (サマテ). Acta Cryst. D69: 812-820 (2013). doi:10.1107/S0907444913002102 Open Access.

Brief Introduction

FlhB is a membrane protein that is part of the flagellum-specific secretion apparatus. It is required for secretion of flagellar proteins, and for bacterial motility. FlhB is paralogous to a protein in the virulence type III secretion system. FlhB has a hydrophobic integral membrane domain, predicted to have four transmembrane helices, a flexible linker that is highly conserved and essential for function, and a cytoplasmic domain. The present study reports the structures of the cytoplasmic domains of two bacterial taxa. (Please see the open access publication for a more detailed introduction.)

Molecular Tour: FlhBc Structures

1 Salmonella
2 Aquifex
3 Comparison
4 Charge
5 Loop 281-285
6 Flexibility of N-Terminus
7 Evolutionary Conservation

Salmonella

FlhB from Salmonella typhimurium consists of 383 amino acids. The cytoplasmic domain 219-383 (length 165, 43% of full length) was crystallized. The resulting model 3b0z includes coordinates for residues 229-353 (length 125, 76% of the crystallized length). The asymmetric unit contains a single molecule ().

Alpha Helices, Beta Strands

As explained in the publication, the position of the long alpha helix appears to be stabilized by crystal contacts (not shown).

The chain is . This is believed to be autocatalytic cleavage involved in the transition of the export apparatus from hook to filament mode. Mutations that prevent this cleavage render the bacteria non-motile.

Aquifex

FlhB from the thermophile^[1] Aquifex aeolicus is shorter, 350 residues (vs. 383 for S. typhimurium), with 32% sequence identity. Residues 213-350 (length 138) were crystallized, and the resulting model 3b1s has in the asymmetric unit. The molecule displayed in the comparison in the next section, with chains designated C and D, was chosen because it has the lowest average temperature factor (66.2, vs. 84.7 and 72.6 for A,B and E,F respectively). It has coordinates for 232-337 (length 106, 77% of the crystallized segment), cleaved at NPTH between Asn263 and Pro264.

Comparison

The FlhBc Salmonella 3D structure is very similar to that of Aquifex. 102 alpha carbons align with an RMSD of 1.0 Å. Their FlhB's have 32% sequence identity. , then click the button below to do a structural alignment.

Salmonella vs. Aquifex.

Charge

The (S. typhimurium) show a cluster of positive charges on one side, referred to in the publication as a "positively charged cleft".

Anionic (-) / Cationic (+) / Histidine

However, only two of the positively charged residues in this cleft region are conserved: Arg320 (ConSurf level 9, maximum), and Arg245 (Consurf level 8). This is shown in another scene below under Evolutionary Conservation.

Loop 281-285

Both FlhBc structures have a . Despite the fact that this loop is not conserved (see below), its deletion abolished motility. Mutation of the loop to PPPPP reduced motility, while mutation to AAAAA had no effect. The reductions in motility correlated with reductions in secretion of hook protein FlgE and filament protein FliC.

Flexibility of N-Terminus

Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the mutations in 281-285 reduced flexibility of the N-terminal alpha helix, and hence that such flexibility may be important for function. Indeed, 226-267 (the N-terminal helix is 229 to about 262) is predicted to be intrinsically disordered^[2]. The observed formation of a helix seems likely to depend upon stabilization by crystal contacts mentioned above.

Evolutionary Conservation

was calculated by the ConSurf Server.

There is a prominent strip of conserved residues on one side of the long N-terminal alpha helix. As mentioned above, the auto-catalytically cleaved segment, including 269 and 270, is highly conserved. In contrast (as mentioned above) the protruding loop 281-285 (which is necessary for function and suggested to be important for flexibility of the N terminus) is not conserved.

Conservation of A. aeolicus FlhBc was similar, especially in the regions mentioned above.

Turning to the positive charges discussed above, All atoms are colored by conservation. With spinning off, touch any sidechain to report its identity.

References and Notes

↑ Optimum growth ~90^o C.
↑ Prediction of intrinsic disorder for Salmonella typhimurium FlhB by the FoldIndex server (image below, at right).
Image:3b0z-FlhB-foldindex.png

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 ===Flexibility of N-Terminus===
-Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the mutations in 281-285 reduced flexibility of the N-terminal alpha helix, and hence that such flexibility may be important for function. Indeed, 226-267 (the N-terminal helix is 229 to about 262) is predicted to be intrinsically disordered<ref>Prediction of intrinsic disorder for ''Salmonella typhimurium'' FlhB by the FoldIndex server (image below, at right). [[Image:3b0z-FlhB-foldindex.png|frame]]</ref>. The formation of a helix seems likely to be the result of stabilization by crystal contacts mentioned above.
+Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the mutations in 281-285 reduced flexibility of the N-terminal alpha helix, and hence that such flexibility may be important for function. Indeed, 226-267 (the N-terminal helix is 229 to about 262) is predicted to be intrinsically disordered<ref>Prediction of intrinsic disorder for ''Salmonella typhimurium'' FlhB by the FoldIndex server (image below, at right). [[Image:3b0z-FlhB-foldindex.png|frame]]</ref>. The observed formation of a helix seems likely to depend upon stabilization by crystal contacts mentioned above.
 ===Evolutionary Conservation===