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Introduction

Salicylate synthase from Mycobacterim tuberculosis (MtbI) is a highly promiscuous enzyme that has four distinct activities in vivo: isochorismate synthase (IS), isochorismate pyruvate lyase (IPL), salicylate synthase (SS) and chromate mutate (CM). MtbI belongs to the chorismate-utilising enzyme family, which consists of structural homologues (, , , and ) that isomerize chromate to isochorismate. These enzymes are present in bacteria, fungi, plants and apicomplexan parasites and catalyze the initial reactions of menaquinone, siderophore, and tryptophan biosynthesis ^[3]. The IS, IPL, and SS activity of MbtI require the presence of a magnesium ion within the active site, while CM activity is only observed in absence of the magnesium cation. IS, IPL, and SS activity are also modulated by the pH of the medium. Isochorismate is the primary product at pH values below 7.5 and salicylate is the primary product formed at pH 8^[4]. The pH dependent activity of MbtI is related to the ionization state of the active site residues involved in the molecular mechanisms used by the enzyme to catalyze the different reactions^[5].

The salicylate synthase activity of MbtI catalyzes the first committed step in the synthesis of the iron chelating siderophore, mycobactin, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Figure 3)^[6]. This complex secondary metabolite is essential for both virulence and survival of M. tuberculosis. Therefore, inhibitors of salicylate synthase may serve as potential TB therapies with a novel mode of action.

Figure 1: This is the pathway of reactions catilized by wild-type MbtI. Ferrer et al., 2012

Structure

The crystal asymmetric unit was found to contain , however crystal packing and size exclusion chromatography data suggest a monomeric enzyme. There are no significant structural changes between the four monomers excepts from the localized differences in the active site. The overall molecular structure consist of a polypeptide of 450 residues that forms one large single domain with a similar fold to other chromate-utilizing enzymes. The core of the protein is formed by 21 folded into a twisted beta-sandwich. The protein's core is then surrounded by 10 (Figure 2).

Disease

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease that affects one-third of the worlds population. Two TB-related conditions exist: latent TB infection and active TB disease. Currently, there are four regimens that are approved for the treatment of latent TB infection through the use of the antibiotics isoniazid, rifampin, and rifapentine.TB disease can also be treated through various antibiotic regimens. There are 10 drugs currently approved by the FDA for treating TB disease. The first-line anti-TB agents are the antibiotics isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.(CDC) Although various treatments for TB infection and TB disease exist, the emergence of multi-drug and extensively-drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis has increased the need for anti-tubercular agents with novel modes of action. Iron is essential for mycobacterial growth and pathogenesis, M. tuberculosis obtains iron through mycobactin T, a type of siderophore. Mycobactin T is a hydrophilic molecule that has been proposed to be secreted actively into the aqueous growth medium for direct competition with iron-binding molecules of the environment. The core of the Mycobactin T siderophore is derived from salicylic acid which is synthesized from chorismate by salicylate synthase. The salicylate synthase activity of MbtI produces salicylate from chorismate through an isochorismate intermediate. This reaction is Mg2+ dependent. Chorismate is then used in the biosyntheses of Mycobactin T, the siderophore of M. tuberculosis. The siderophore sequesters iron, covering pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis.

Figure 3: Reaction catalyzed by MbtI in the mycobactin biosynthesis pathway.

Function

Relevance

Structural highlights

Molecular Mechanism

Magnesium cation effect The coordination shell of the magnesium cation in the active site of MbtI is composed of two water molecules, Glu434, Glu294, and the two oxygen atoms of the C1 carboxylate group of chorismate. Isochorismate pyruvae lyase (IPL) For IPL activity, a proposed histidine residue (his334) acts as a base, abstracting the C2 proton of isochorismate through a second order elimination mechanism. The C9 atom of isochorismate is then protonated, leading to the elimination of pyruvate and formation of salicylate. At pH values below 7.5 the histidine residue is protonated and therefore not able to act as a base in the mechanism, causing an accumulation of isochorismate.

Isochorismate synthast (IS)

The C1 carboxylate group of chorismate binds to the magnesium cation within the active site. Currently, isochorismate is believed to be formed from chorismate through a proposed Sn2 mechanism involving nucleophilic attack of an activated water molecule to the C2 center followed by either a concerted or stepwise elimination of the C4 hydroxyl group(He et al.). Lys205 has been proposed to act as the catalytic base, activating a water molecule in the active site by abstracting one of its protons. A glutamic residue (Gly252) could then protonate the C4 leaving hydroxyl group. However, mutational analysis of Lys205 suggested that the lysine reside is not the sole determinant in the activation of a water molecule for nucleophilic attack of the C2 center. isochorismate pyruvate lyase (IPL) salicylate synthase (SS) chorismate mutase (CM)

A magnesium ion in the active site orients the C1 carboxyl group of chorismate. A lysine residue then serves as a general base for the activation of a water molecule to attack at C2

The catalytic mechanism for conversion of isochorismate to salicylate by MbtI is a sigmatropic, pericyclic mechanism that is pH-dependent. Chromate mutase activity is only observed in the absence of magnesium ion in the active site while salicylate synthase activity is depended on magnesium ion. The active site of MbtI is altered by the removal of the magnesium cofactor causing chromate mutase activity. MbtI has differing binding modes for chromate that leads to different substrate conformations/transition states and resulting in different products.

Inhibition Studies

MbtI Inhibition studies aid in the future design of anti-tubercular agents and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Mimics of the enzyme-bound intermediate of MbtI, isochorismate, prove to be significantly more potent inhibitors than the substrate, chorismate mimics (Alexandra Manos-Turve, 2010). Specifically, 2-hydroxybenzoate-based inhibitors that contain extended hydrophobic enrol ether side chains at C3 in place of the enos-pyruvate side chain found in chorismate and isochorismate.

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