| Structural highlights
Disease
[FMR1_HUMAN] Defects in FMR1 are the cause of fragile X syndrome (FRAX) [MIM:300624]. Fragile X syndrome is a common genetic disease (has a prevalence of one in every 2000 children) which is characterized by moderate to severe mental retardation, macroorchidism (enlargement of the testicles), large ears, prominent jaw, and high-pitched, jocular speech. The defect in most fragile X syndrome patients results from an amplification of a CGG repeat region which is directly in front of the coding region.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] Defects in FMR1 are the cause of fragile X tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) [MIM:300623]. In FXTAS, the expanded repeats range in size from 55 to 200 repeats and are referred to as 'premutations'. Full repeat expansions with greater than 200 repeats results in fragile X mental retardation syndrome [MIM:300624]. Carriers of the premutation typically do not show the full fragile X syndrome phenotype, but comprise a subgroup that may have some physical features of fragile X syndrome or mild cognitive and emotional problems.[9] Defects in FMR1 are the cause of premature ovarian failure syndrome type 1 (POF1) [MIM:311360]. An ovarian disorder defined as the cessation of ovarian function under the age of 40 years. It is characterized by oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, in the presence of elevated levels of serum gonadotropins and low estradiol.[10]
Function
[FMR1_HUMAN] Translation repressor. Component of the CYFIP1-EIF4E-FMR1 complex which binds to the mRNA cap and mediates translational repression. In the CYFIP1-EIF4E-FMR1 complex this subunit mediates translation repression (By similarity). RNA-binding protein that plays a role in intracellular RNA transport and in the regulation of translation of target mRNAs. Associated with polysomes. May play a role in the transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Binds strongly to poly(G), binds moderately to poly(U) but shows very little binding to poly(A) or poly(C).
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) is a regulatory RNA binding protein that plays a central role in the development of several human disorders including Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) and autism. FMRP uses an arginine-glycine-rich (RGG) motif for specific interactions with guanine (G)-quadruplexes, mRNA elements implicated in the disease-associated regulation of specific mRNAs. Here we report the 2.8-A crystal structure of the complex between the human FMRP RGG peptide bound to the in vitro selected G-rich RNA. In this model system, the RNA adopts an intramolecular K+-stabilized G-quadruplex structure composed of three G-quartets and a mixed tetrad connected to an RNA duplex. The RGG peptide specifically binds to the duplex-quadruplex junction, the mixed tetrad, and the duplex region of the RNA through shape complementarity, cation-pi interactions, and multiple hydrogen bonds. Many of these interactions critically depend on a type I beta-turn, a secondary structure element whose formation was not previously recognized in the RGG motif of FMRP. RNA mutagenesis and footprinting experiments indicate that interactions of the peptide with the duplex-quadruplex junction and the duplex of RNA are equally important for affinity and specificity of the RGG-RNA complex formation. These results suggest that specific binding of cellular RNAs by FMRP may involve hydrogen bonding with RNA duplexes and that RNA duplex recognition can be a characteristic RNA binding feature for RGG motifs in other proteins.
Crystal structure reveals specific recognition of a G-quadruplex RNA by a beta-turn in the RGG motif of FMRP.,Vasilyev N, Polonskaia A, Darnell JC, Darnell RB, Patel DJ, Serganov A Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Sep 15. pii: 201515737. PMID:26374839[11]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Linder B, Plottner O, Kroiss M, Hartmann E, Laggerbauer B, Meister G, Keidel E, Fischer U. Tdrd3 is a novel stress granule-associated protein interacting with the Fragile-X syndrome protein FMRP. Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Oct 15;17(20):3236-46. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddn219. Epub 2008 Jul, 28. PMID:18664458 doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn219
- ↑ Devys D, Lutz Y, Rouyer N, Bellocq JP, Mandel JL. The FMR-1 protein is cytoplasmic, most abundant in neurons and appears normal in carriers of a fragile X premutation. Nat Genet. 1993 Aug;4(4):335-40. PMID:8401578 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0893-335
- ↑ Siomi H, Siomi MC, Nussbaum RL, Dreyfuss G. The protein product of the fragile X gene, FMR1, has characteristics of an RNA-binding protein. Cell. 1993 Jul 30;74(2):291-8. PMID:7688265
- ↑ Valverde R, Pozdnyakova I, Kajander T, Venkatraman J, Regan L. Fragile X mental retardation syndrome: structure of the KH1-KH2 domains of fragile X mental retardation protein. Structure. 2007 Sep;15(9):1090-8. PMID:17850748 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2007.06.022
- ↑ De Boulle K, Verkerk AJ, Reyniers E, Vits L, Hendrickx J, Van Roy B, Van den Bos F, de Graaff E, Oostra BA, Willems PJ. A point mutation in the FMR-1 gene associated with fragile X mental retardation. Nat Genet. 1993 Jan;3(1):31-5. PMID:8490650 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0193-31
- ↑ Verheij C, de Graaff E, Bakker CE, Willemsen R, Willems PJ, Meijer N, Galjaard H, Reuser AJ, Oostra BA, Hoogeveen AT. Characterization of FMR1 proteins isolated from different tissues. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 May;4(5):895-901. PMID:7633450
- ↑ Feng Y, Absher D, Eberhart DE, Brown V, Malter HE, Warren ST. FMRP associates with polyribosomes as an mRNP, and the I304N mutation of severe fragile X syndrome abolishes this association. Mol Cell. 1997 Dec;1(1):109-18. PMID:9659908
- ↑ Darnell JC, Fraser CE, Mostovetsky O, Stefani G, Jones TA, Eddy SR, Darnell RB. Kissing complex RNAs mediate interaction between the Fragile-X mental retardation protein KH2 domain and brain polyribosomes. Genes Dev. 2005 Apr 15;19(8):903-18. Epub 2005 Apr 1. PMID:15805463 doi:gad.1276805
- ↑ Hagerman RJ, Leehey M, Heinrichs W, Tassone F, Wilson R, Hills J, Grigsby J, Gage B, Hagerman PJ. Intention tremor, parkinsonism, and generalized brain atrophy in male carriers of fragile X. Neurology. 2001 Jul 10;57(1):127-30. PMID:11445641
- ↑ Murray A, Webb J, Grimley S, Conway G, Jacobs P. Studies of FRAXA and FRAXE in women with premature ovarian failure. J Med Genet. 1998 Aug;35(8):637-40. PMID:9719368
- ↑ Vasilyev N, Polonskaia A, Darnell JC, Darnell RB, Patel DJ, Serganov A. Crystal structure reveals specific recognition of a G-quadruplex RNA by a beta-turn in the RGG motif of FMRP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Sep 15. pii: 201515737. PMID:26374839 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515737112
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