User:Anthony Milto/Sandbox 1
From Proteopedia
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| - | == | + | ==Structure== |
| - | MyoD is a member of the basic helix loop helix (bHLH) family and myogenic factors subfamily of proteins. MyoD has a basic region at its amino-terminal end, which functions in binding the transcription factor to a region of the DNA known as the E-box. At | + | MyoD, along with Myf5, is responsible for muscle cell differentiation and establishment of the myogenic lineage. It is a member of the basic helix loop helix (bHLH) family and myogenic factors subfamily of proteins. MyoD has a basic region at its amino-terminal end, which functions in binding the transcription factor to a region of the DNA known as the E-box. At the carboxyl-terminal end is MyoD's HLH domain. The HLH domain functions in protein-protein interactions and forms homodimeric and heterodimeric complexes. MyoD also contains an acidic activation domain. The activity of this activation domain has been observed to increase drastically upon deletion of residues in other parts of the protein. This suggests that the acidic activation domain is buried within the protein in vivo and can be activated by subtle changes in structure. MyoD's ability to activate endogenous genes has been shown to rely on two regions. The first is a region rich in cysteine and histidine residues that is between the acidic activation domain and the bHLH domain. The second is a region near the carboxyl terminus of the protein. These regions are conserved in proteins with shared functionality (REFERENCE). |
<StructureSection load='1mdy' size='340' side='right' caption='Crystal Structure of MyoD bHLH Domain' scene=''> | <StructureSection load='1mdy' size='340' side='right' caption='Crystal Structure of MyoD bHLH Domain' scene=''> | ||
This is a default text for your page '''Anthony Milto/Sandbox 1'''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the < and > signs. | This is a default text for your page '''Anthony Milto/Sandbox 1'''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the < and > signs. | ||
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID: 8181063</ref> to the rescue. | You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID: 8181063</ref> to the rescue. | ||
| - | == | + | == Regulation == |
| - | + | MyoD functions as a transcriptional activator as a heterodimer with E proteins, which are a sub-family of bHLH proteins (REFERENCE). Differences in E-box sequences and in complex formation determine the transcription factor's effect and allow differentiation into a diverse array of muscle cells (REFERENCE). The myogenic ability of MyoD is inhibited upon complex formation at the HLH domain with another bHLH protein known as Twist (REFERENCE). It has been proposed that DNA binding, with its accompanying structural changes, is the primary activator of MyoD (REFERENCE). | |
| - | ==Knockout Effects == | + | ==DNA Interaction == |
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| + | == Knockout Effects == | ||
Knockout mutations of the MyoD gene have been shown to produce no distinct skeletal muscle phenotype due to an increase in Myf5 activation. Mutants lacking both MyoD and Myf5 fail to develop skeletal musculature all together (REFERENCE) | Knockout mutations of the MyoD gene have been shown to produce no distinct skeletal muscle phenotype due to an increase in Myf5 activation. Mutants lacking both MyoD and Myf5 fail to develop skeletal musculature all together (REFERENCE) | ||
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| - | == Relevance == | ||
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== Structural highlights == | == Structural highlights == | ||
Revision as of 18:23, 10 October 2015
Structure
MyoD, along with Myf5, is responsible for muscle cell differentiation and establishment of the myogenic lineage. It is a member of the basic helix loop helix (bHLH) family and myogenic factors subfamily of proteins. MyoD has a basic region at its amino-terminal end, which functions in binding the transcription factor to a region of the DNA known as the E-box. At the carboxyl-terminal end is MyoD's HLH domain. The HLH domain functions in protein-protein interactions and forms homodimeric and heterodimeric complexes. MyoD also contains an acidic activation domain. The activity of this activation domain has been observed to increase drastically upon deletion of residues in other parts of the protein. This suggests that the acidic activation domain is buried within the protein in vivo and can be activated by subtle changes in structure. MyoD's ability to activate endogenous genes has been shown to rely on two regions. The first is a region rich in cysteine and histidine residues that is between the acidic activation domain and the bHLH domain. The second is a region near the carboxyl terminus of the protein. These regions are conserved in proteins with shared functionality (REFERENCE).
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References
- ↑ Hanson, R. M., Prilusky, J., Renjian, Z., Nakane, T. and Sussman, J. L. (2013), JSmol and the Next-Generation Web-Based Representation of 3D Molecular Structure as Applied to Proteopedia. Isr. J. Chem., 53:207-216. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201300024
- ↑ Ma PC, Rould MA, Weintraub H, Pabo CO. Crystal structure of MyoD bHLH domain-DNA complex: perspectives on DNA recognition and implications for transcriptional activation. Cell. 1994 May 6;77(3):451-9. PMID:8181063
