| Structural highlights
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Disease
[SODC_HUMAN] Defects in SOD1 are the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ALS1) [MIM:105400]. ALS1 is a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons and resulting in fatal paralysis. Sensory abnormalities are absent. Death usually occurs within 2 to 5 years. The etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is likely to be multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The disease is inherited in 5-10% of cases leading to familial forms.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [:][9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]
Function
[SODC_HUMAN] Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The solution structure of homodimeric Cu2Zn2 superoxide dismutase (SOD) of 306 aminoacids was determined on a 13C, 15N and 70% 2H labeled sample. Two-thousand eight-hundred and five meaningful NOEs were used, of which 96 intersubunit, and 115 dihedral angles provided a family of 30 conformers with an rmsd from the average of 0.78 +/- 0.11 and 1.15 +/- 0.09 A for the backbone and heavy atoms, respectively. When the rmsd is calculated for each subunit, the values drop to 0.65 +/- 0.09 and 1.08 +/- 0.11 A for the backbone and heavy atoms, respectively. The two subunits are identical on the NMR time scale, at variance with the X-ray structures that show structural differences between the two subunits as well as between different molecules in the unit cell. The elements of secondary structure, i.e. eight beta sheets, are the same as in the X-ray structures and are well defined. The odd loops (I, III and V) are well resolved as well as loop II located at the subunit interface. On the contrary, loops IV and VI show some disorder. The residues of the active cavity are well defined whereas within the various subunits of the X-ray structure some are disordered or display different orientation in different X-ray structure determinations. The copper(I) ion and its ligands are well defined. This structure thus represents a well defined model in solution relevant for structure-function analysis of the protein. The comparison between the solution structure of monomeric mutants and the present structure shows that the subunit-subunit interactions increase the order in loop II. This has the consequences of inducing the structural and dynamic properties that are optimal for the enzymatic function of the wild-type enzyme. The regions 37-43 and 89-95, constituting loops III and V and the initial part of the beta barrel and showing several mutations in familial amyotrophis lateral sclerosis (FALS)-related proteins have a quite extensive network of H-bonds that may account for their low mobility. Finally, the conformation of the key Arg143 residue is compared to that in the other dimeric and monomeric structures as well as in the recently reported structure of the CCS-superoxide dismutase (SOD) complex.
The solution structure of reduced dimeric copper zinc superoxide dismutase. The structural effects of dimerization.,Banci L, Bertini I, Cramaro F, Del Conte R, Viezzoli MS Eur J Biochem. 2002 Apr;269(7):1905-15. PMID:11952792[46]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ DiDonato M, Craig L, Huff ME, Thayer MM, Cardoso RM, Kassmann CJ, Lo TP, Bruns CK, Powers ET, Kelly JW, Getzoff ED, Tainer JA. ALS mutants of human superoxide dismutase form fibrous aggregates via framework destabilization. J Mol Biol. 2003 Sep 19;332(3):601-15. PMID:12963370
- ↑ Yonashiro R, Sugiura A, Miyachi M, Fukuda T, Matsushita N, Inatome R, Ogata Y, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Yanagi S. Mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase MITOL ubiquitinates mutant SOD1 and attenuates mutant SOD1-induced reactive oxygen species generation. Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Nov;20(21):4524-30. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E09-02-0112. Epub 2009, Sep 9. PMID:19741096 doi:10.1091/mbc.E09-02-0112
- ↑ Enayat ZE, Orrell RW, Claus A, Ludolph A, Bachus R, Brockmuller J, Ray-Chaudhuri K, Radunovic A, Shaw C, Wilkinson J, et al.. Two novel mutations in the gene for copper zinc superoxide dismutase in UK families with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jul;4(7):1239-40. PMID:8528216
- ↑ Kostrzewa M, Damian MS, Muller U. Superoxide dismutase 1: identification of a novel mutation in a case of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Genet. 1996 Jul;98(1):48-50. PMID:8682505
- ↑ Hart PJ, Liu H, Pellegrini M, Nersissian AM, Gralla EB, Valentine JS, Eisenberg D. Subunit asymmetry in the three-dimensional structure of a human CuZnSOD mutant found in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Protein Sci. 1998 Mar;7(3):545-55. PMID:9541385
- ↑ Elam JS, Taylor AB, Strange R, Antonyuk S, Doucette PA, Rodriguez JA, Hasnain SS, Hayward LJ, Valentine JS, Yeates TO, Hart PJ. Amyloid-like filaments and water-filled nanotubes formed by SOD1 mutant proteins linked to familial ALS. Nat Struct Biol. 2003 Jun;10(6):461-7. PMID:12754496 doi:10.1038/nsb935
- ↑ Hough MA, Grossmann JG, Antonyuk SV, Strange RW, Doucette PA, Rodriguez JA, Whitson LJ, Hart PJ, Hayward LJ, Valentine JS, Hasnain SS. Dimer destabilization in superoxide dismutase may result in disease-causing properties: structures of motor neuron disease mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 20;101(16):5976-81. Epub 2004 Mar 31. PMID:15056757 doi:10.1073/pnas.0305143101
- ↑ Cao X, Antonyuk SV, Seetharaman SV, Whitson LJ, Taylor AB, Holloway SP, Strange RW, Doucette PA, Valentine JS, Tiwari A, Hayward LJ, Padua S, Cohlberg JA, Hasnain SS, Hart PJ. Structures of the G85R variant of SOD1 in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biol Chem. 2008 Jun 6;283(23):16169-77. Epub 2008 Mar 31. PMID:18378676 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M801522200
- ↑ Rosen DR, Siddique T, Patterson D, Figlewicz DA, Sapp P, Hentati A, Donaldson D, Goto J, O'Regan JP, Deng HX, et al.. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature. 1993 Mar 4;362(6415):59-62. PMID:8446170 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362059a0
- ↑ Deng HX, Hentati A, Tainer JA, Iqbal Z, Cayabyab A, Hung WY, Getzoff ED, Hu P, Herzfeldt B, Roos RP, et al.. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and structural defects in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase. Science. 1993 Aug 20;261(5124):1047-51. PMID:8351519
- ↑ Nakano R, Sato S, Inuzuka T, Sakimura K, Mishina M, Takahashi H, Ikuta F, Honma Y, Fujii J, Taniguchi N, et al.. A novel mutation in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene in Japanese familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Apr 29;200(2):695-703. PMID:8179602
- ↑ Hirano M, Fujii J, Nagai Y, Sonobe M, Okamoto K, Araki H, Taniguchi N, Ueno S. A new variant Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Val7-->Glu) deduced from lymphocyte mRNA sequences from Japanese patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Oct 28;204(2):572-7. PMID:7980516 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.2497
- ↑ Jones CT, Swingler RJ, Brock DJ. Identification of a novel SOD1 mutation in an apparently sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient and the detection of Ile113Thr in three others. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Apr;3(4):649-50. PMID:8069312
- ↑ Esteban J, Rosen DR, Bowling AC, Sapp P, McKenna-Yasek D, O'Regan JP, Beal MF, Horvitz HR, Brown RH Jr. Identification of two novel mutations and a new polymorphism in the gene for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jun;3(6):997-8. PMID:7951252
- ↑ Kostrzewa M, Burck-Lehmann U, Muller U. Autosomal dominant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a novel mutation in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-1 gene. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Dec;3(12):2261-2. PMID:7881433
- ↑ Aoki M, Ogasawara M, Matsubara Y, Narisawa K, Nakamura S, Itoyama Y, Abe K. Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in Japan associated with H46R mutation in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene: a possible new subtype of familial ALS. J Neurol Sci. 1994 Oct;126(1):77-83. PMID:7836951
- ↑ Suthers G, Laing N, Wilton S, Dorosz S, Waddy H. "Sporadic" motoneuron disease due to familial SOD1 mutation with low penetrance. Lancet. 1994 Dec 24-31;344(8939-8940):1773. PMID:7997024
- ↑ Jones CT, Shaw PJ, Chari G, Brock DJ. Identification of a novel exon 4 SOD1 mutation in a sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient. Mol Cell Probes. 1994 Aug;8(4):329-30. PMID:7870076 doi:http://dx.doi.org/S0890-8508(84)71046-2
- ↑ Pramatarova A, Figlewicz DA, Krizus A, Han FY, Ceballos-Picot I, Nicole A, Dib M, Meininger V, Brown RH, Rouleau GA. Identification of new mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene of patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Mar;56(3):592-6. PMID:7887412
- ↑ Ikeda M, Abe K, Aoki M, Ogasawara M, Kameya T, Watanabe M, Shoji M, Hirai S, Itoyama Y. A novel point mutation in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene in a patient with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Mar;4(3):491-2. PMID:7795609
- ↑ Yulug IG, Katsanis N, de Belleroche J, Collinge J, Fisher EM. An improved protocol for the analysis of SOD1 gene mutations, and a new mutation in exon 4. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jun;4(6):1101-4. PMID:7655468
- ↑ Sjalander A, Beckman G, Deng HX, Iqbal Z, Tainer JA, Siddique T. The D90A mutation results in a polymorphism of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase that is prevalent in northern Sweden and Finland. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jun;4(6):1105-8. PMID:7655469
- ↑ Deng HX, Tainer JA, Mitsumoto H, Ohnishi A, He X, Hung WY, Zhao Y, Juneja T, Hentati A, Siddique T. Two novel SOD1 mutations in patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jun;4(6):1113-6. PMID:7655471
- ↑ Orrell R, de Belleroche J, Marklund S, Bowe F, Hallewell R. A novel SOD mutant and ALS. Nature. 1995 Apr 6;374(6522):504-5. PMID:7700376 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374504a0
- ↑ Andersen PM, Nilsson P, Ala-Hurula V, Keranen ML, Tarvainen I, Haltia T, Nilsson L, Binzer M, Forsgren L, Marklund SL. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with homozygosity for an Asp90Ala mutation in CuZn-superoxide dismutase. Nat Genet. 1995 May;10(1):61-6. PMID:7647793 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0595-61
- ↑ Ikeda M, Abe K, Aoki M, Sahara M, Watanabe M, Shoji M, St George-Hyslop PH, Hirai S, Itoyama Y. Variable clinical symptoms in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with a novel point mutation in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene. Neurology. 1995 Nov;45(11):2038-42. PMID:7501156
- ↑ Sapp PC, Rosen DR, Hosler BA, Esteban J, McKenna-Yasek D, O'Regan JP, Horvitz HR, Brown RH Jr. Identification of three novel mutations in the gene for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuromuscul Disord. 1995 Sep;5(5):353-7. PMID:7496169
- ↑ Hosler BA, Nicholson GA, Sapp PC, Chin W, Orrell RW, de Belleroche JS, Esteban J, Hayward LJ, Mckenna-Yasek D, Yeung L, Cherryson AK, Dench JE, Wilton SD, Laing NG, Horvitz HR, Brown RH Jr. Three novel mutations and two variants in the gene for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuromuscul Disord. 1996 Oct;6(5):361-6. PMID:8938700
- ↑ Morita M, Aoki M, Abe K, Hasegawa T, Sakuma R, Onodera Y, Ichikawa N, Nishizawa M, Itoyama Y. A novel two-base mutation in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan. Neurosci Lett. 1996 Feb 23;205(2):79-82. PMID:8907321
- ↑ Watanabe M, Aoki M, Abe K, Shoji M, Iizuka T, Ikeda Y, Hirai S, Kurokawa K, Kato T, Sasaki H, Itoyama Y. A novel missense point mutation (S134N) of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene in a patient with familial motor neuron disease. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(1):69-71. PMID:8990014 doi:<69::AID-HUMU14>3.0.CO;2-N 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)9:1<69::AID-HUMU14>3.0.CO;2-N
- ↑ Kawamata J, Shimohama S, Takano S, Harada K, Ueda K, Kimura J. Novel G16S (GGC-AGC) mutation in the SOD-1 gene in a patient with apparently sporadic young-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(4):356-8. PMID:9101297 doi:<356::AID-HUMU9>3.0.CO;2-3 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)9:4<356::AID-HUMU9>3.0.CO;2-3
- ↑ Orrell RW, Marklund SL, deBelleroche JS. Familial ALS is associated with mutations in all exons of SOD1: a novel mutation in exon 3 (Gly72Ser). J Neurol Sci. 1997 Dec 9;153(1):46-9. PMID:9455977
- ↑ Kikugawa K, Nakano R, Inuzuka T, Kokubo Y, Narita Y, Kuzuhara S, Yoshida S, Tsuji S. A missense mutation in the SOD1 gene in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from the Kii Peninsula and its vicinity, Japan. Neurogenetics. 1997 Sep;1(2):113-5. PMID:10732812
- ↑ Bereznai B, Winkler A, Borasio GD, Gasser T. A novel SOD1 mutation in an Austrian family with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuromuscul Disord. 1997 Mar;7(2):113-6. PMID:9131652
- ↑ Ratovitski T, Corson LB, Strain J, Wong P, Cleveland DW, Culotta VC, Borchelt DR. Variation in the biochemical/biophysical properties of mutant superoxide dismutase 1 enzymes and the rate of disease progression in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis kindreds. Hum Mol Genet. 1999 Aug;8(8):1451-60. PMID:10400992
- ↑ Penco S, Schenone A, Bordo D, Bolognesi M, Abbruzzese M, Bugiani O, Ajmar F, Garre C. A SOD1 gene mutation in a patient with slowly progressing familial ALS. Neurology. 1999 Jul 22;53(2):404-6. PMID:10430435
- ↑ Murakami T, Warita H, Hayashi T, Sato K, Manabe Y, Mizuno S, Yamane K, Abe K. A novel SOD1 gene mutation in familial ALS with low penetrance in females. J Neurol Sci. 2001 Aug 15;189(1-2):45-7. PMID:11535232
- ↑ Gellera C, Castellotti B, Riggio MC, Silani V, Morandi L, Testa D, Casali C, Taroni F, Di Donato S, Zeviani M, Mariotti C. Superoxide dismutase gene mutations in Italian patients with familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: identification of three novel missense mutations. Neuromuscul Disord. 2001 May;11(4):404-10. PMID:11369193
- ↑ Alexander MD, Traynor BJ, Miller N, Corr B, Frost E, McQuaid S, Brett FM, Green A, Hardiman O. "True" sporadic ALS associated with a novel SOD-1 mutation. Ann Neurol. 2002 Nov;52(5):680-3. PMID:12402272 doi:10.1002/ana.10369
- ↑ Niwa J, Ishigaki S, Hishikawa N, Yamamoto M, Doyu M, Murata S, Tanaka K, Taniguchi N, Sobue G. Dorfin ubiquitylates mutant SOD1 and prevents mutant SOD1-mediated neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 27;277(39):36793-8. Epub 2002 Jul 26. PMID:12145308 doi:10.1074/jbc.M206559200
- ↑ Andersen PM, Sims KB, Xin WW, Kiely R, O'Neill G, Ravits J, Pioro E, Harati Y, Brower RD, Levine JS, Heinicke HU, Seltzer W, Boss M, Brown RH Jr. Sixteen novel mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a decade of discoveries, defects and disputes. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2003 Jun;4(2):62-73. PMID:14506936
- ↑ Furukawa Y, Kaneko K, Yamanaka K, O'Halloran TV, Nukina N. Complete loss of post-translational modifications triggers fibrillar aggregation of SOD1 in the familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biol Chem. 2008 Aug 29;283(35):24167-76. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M802083200. Epub 2008, Jun 13. PMID:18552350 doi:10.1074/jbc.M802083200
- ↑ Banci L, Bertini I, Boca M, Girotto S, Martinelli M, Valentine JS, Vieru M. SOD1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: mutations and oligomerization. PLoS One. 2008 Feb 27;3(2):e1677. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001677. PMID:18301754 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001677
- ↑ del Grande A, Luigetti M, Conte A, Mancuso I, Lattante S, Marangi G, Stipa G, Zollino M, Sabatelli M. A novel L67P SOD1 mutation in an Italian ALS patient. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2011 Mar;12(2):150-2. doi: 10.3109/17482968.2011.551939., Epub 2011 Jan 19. PMID:21247266 doi:10.3109/17482968.2011.551939
- ↑ Chio A, Borghero G, Pugliatti M, Ticca A, Calvo A, Moglia C, Mutani R, Brunetti M, Ossola I, Marrosu MG, Murru MR, Floris G, Cannas A, Parish LD, Cossu P, Abramzon Y, Johnson JO, Nalls MA, Arepalli S, Chong S, Hernandez DG, Traynor BJ, Restagno G. Large proportion of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases in Sardinia due to a single founder mutation of the TARDBP gene. Arch Neurol. 2011 May;68(5):594-8. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.352. Epub 2011, Jan 10. PMID:21220647 doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.352
- ↑ Banci L, Bertini I, Cramaro F, Del Conte R, Viezzoli MS. The solution structure of reduced dimeric copper zinc superoxide dismutase. The structural effects of dimerization. Eur J Biochem. 2002 Apr;269(7):1905-15. PMID:11952792
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