| Structural highlights
Disease
[LDLR_HUMAN] Defects in LDLR are the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) [MIM:143890]; a common autosomal semi-dominant disease that affects about 1 in 500 individuals. The receptor defect impairs the catabolism of LDL, and the resultant elevation in plasma LDL-cholesterol promotes deposition of cholesterol in the skin (xanthelasma), tendons (xanthomas), and coronary arteries (atherosclerosis).[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [:][32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]
Function
[LDLR_HUMAN] Binds LDL, the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of plasma, and transports it into cells by endocytosis. In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complexes must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. In case of HIV-1 infection, functions as a receptor for extracellular Tat in neurons, mediating its internalization in uninfected cells.
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is the primary mechanism for uptake of plasma cholesterol into cells and serves as a prototype for an entire class of cell surface receptors. The amino-terminal domain of the receptor consists of seven LDL-A modules; the third through the seventh modules all contribute to the binding of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). Here, we present the NMR solution structure of the sixth LDL-A module (LR6) from the ligand binding domain of the LDLR. This module, which has little recognizable secondary structure, retains the essential structural features observed in the crystal structure of LDL-A module five (LR5) of the LDLR. Three disulfide bonds, a pair of buried residues forming a hydrophobic "mini-core", and a calcium-binding site that serves to organize the C-terminal lobe of the module all occupy positions in LR6 similar to those observed in LR5. The striking presence of a conserved patch of negative surface electrostatic potential among LDL-A modules of known structure suggests that ligand recognition by these repeats is likely to be mediated in part by electrostatic complementarity of receptor and ligand. Two variants of LR6, identified originally as familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) mutations, have been investigated for their ability to form native disulfide bonds under conditions that permit disulfide exchange. The first, E219K, lies near the amino-terminal end of LR6, whereas the second, D245E, alters one of the aspartate side chains that directly coordinate the bound calcium ion. After equilibration at physiologic calcium concentrations, neither E219K nor D245E folds to a unique disulfide isomer, indicating that FH mutations both within and distant from the calcium-binding site give rise to protein-folding defects.
Solution structure of the sixth LDL-A module of the LDL receptor.,North CL, Blacklow SC Biochemistry. 2000 Mar 14;39(10):2564-71. PMID:10704205[44]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
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- ↑ Motti C, Bertolini S, Rampa P, Trovatello G, Liberatoscioli L, Calandra S, Federici G, Cortese C. Two novel mutations consisting in minor gene rearrangements in the human low density lipoprotein receptor gene in Italian patients affected by familial hypercholesterolemia. Mutations in brief no. 194. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(3):290. PMID:10660340
- ↑ Hirayama T, Yamaki E, Hata A, Tsuji M, Hashimoto K, Yamamoto M, Emi M. Five familial hypercholesterolemic kindreds in Japan with novel mutations of the LDL receptor gene. J Hum Genet. 1998;43(4):250-4. PMID:9852677 doi:10.1007/s100380050083
- ↑ Lee WK, Haddad L, Macleod MJ, Dorrance AM, Wilson DJ, Gaffney D, Dominiczak MH, Packard CJ, Day IN, Humphries SE, Dominiczak AF. Identification of a common low density lipoprotein receptor mutation (C163Y) in the west of Scotland. J Med Genet. 1998 Jul;35(7):573-8. PMID:9678702
- ↑ Ekstrom U, Abrahamson M, Floren CH, Tollig H, Wettrell G, Nilsson G, Sun XM, Soutar AK, Nilsson-Ehle P. An individual with a healthy phenotype in spite of a pathogenic LDL receptor mutation (C240F). Clin Genet. 1999 May;55(5):332-9. PMID:10422803
- ↑ Ebhardt M, Schmidt H, Doerk T, Tietge U, Haas R, Manns MP, Schmidtke J, Stuhrmann M. Mutation analysis in 46 German families with familial hypercholesterolemia: identification of 8 new mutations. Mutations in brief no. 226. Online. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(3):257. PMID:10090484 doi:<257::AID-HUMU15>3.0.CO;2-A 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)13:3<257::AID-HUMU15>3.0.CO;2-A
- ↑ Hattori H, Nagano M, Iwata F, Homma Y, Egashira T, Okada T. Identification of recurrent and novel mutations in the LDL receptor gene in Japanese familial hypercholesterolemia. Mutation in brief no. 248. Online. Hum Mutat. 1999;14(1):87. PMID:10447263 doi:<87::AID-HUMU14>3.0.CO;2-N 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)14:1<87::AID-HUMU14>3.0.CO;2-N
- ↑ Bertolini S, Cantafora A, Averna M, Cortese C, Motti C, Martini S, Pes G, Postiglione A, Stefanutti C, Blotta I, Pisciotta L, Rolleri M, Langheim S, Ghisellini M, Rabbone I, Calandra S. Clinical expression of familial hypercholesterolemia in clusters of mutations of the LDL receptor gene that cause a receptor-defective or receptor-negative phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Sep;20(9):E41-52. PMID:10978268
- ↑ Miltiadous G, Elisaf M, Xenophontos S, Manoli P, Cariolou MA. Segregation of a novel LDLR gene mutation (I430T) with familial hypercholesterolaemia in a Greek pedigree. Hum Mutat. 2000 Sep;16(3):277. PMID:10980548 doi:<277::AID-HUMU24>3.0.CO;2-Y 10.1002/1098-1004(200009)16:3<277::AID-HUMU24>3.0.CO;2-Y
- ↑ Thiart R, Scholtz CL, Vergotine J, Hoogendijk CF, de Villiers JN, Nissen H, Brusgaard K, Gaffney D, Hoffs MS, Vermaak WJ, Kotze MJ. Predominance of a 6 bp deletion in exon 2 of the LDL receptor gene in Africans with familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Med Genet. 2000 Jul;37(7):514-9. PMID:10882754
- ↑ Takahashi M, Ikeda U, Takahashi S, Hattori H, Iwasaki T, Ishihara M, Egashira T, Honma S, Asano Y, Shimada K. A novel mutation in exon 2 of the low-density lipoprotein-receptor gene in a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Clin Genet. 2001 Apr;59(4):290-2. PMID:11298688
- ↑ Humphries SE, Whittall RA, Hubbart CS, Maplebeck S, Cooper JA, Soutar AK, Naoumova R, Thompson GR, Seed M, Durrington PN, Miller JP, Betteridge DJ, Neil HA. Genetic causes of familial hypercholesterolaemia in patients in the UK: relation to plasma lipid levels and coronary heart disease risk. J Med Genet. 2006 Dec;43(12):943-9. PMID:17142622 doi:10.1136/jmg.2006.038356
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- ↑ Walus-Miarka M, Sanak M, Idzior-Walus B, Miarka P, Witek P, Malecki MT, Czarnecka D. A novel mutation (Cys308Phe) of the LDL receptor gene in families from the South-Eastern part of Poland. Mol Biol Rep. 2012 May;39(5):5181-6. doi: 10.1007/s11033-011-1314-0. Epub 2011, Dec 13. PMID:22160468 doi:10.1007/s11033-011-1314-0
- ↑ North CL, Blacklow SC. Solution structure of the sixth LDL-A module of the LDL receptor. Biochemistry. 2000 Mar 14;39(10):2564-71. PMID:10704205
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