Receiving and responding to extracellular messages is critical to the proper function of the nervous system. Glutamate is the major excitory neurotransmitter of the CNS, and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 will play a major role in glutamate signaling. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 transmembrane domain is a homodimeric GPCR that resides in the cellular membrane [1]. This domain is a member of the Class C GPCR family and can further be categorized into the Group I subgroup. The transmembrane domain will signal through a Gq/11 pathway. mGlu5 will bind glutamate to the extracellular Venus flytrap domain and the signal will be transduced across the membrane to a heterotrimeric G protein, which will ultimately lead to calcium release and activation of PKC. This will elicit a excitory post-synaptic repose and modulate long term potentiation. Human metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 is found throughout the central nervous system. Areas containing high concentrations of this protein are often involved involved in emotions and higher cognition[2]. The localization of mGlu5 in the CNS and the presence of multiple domains makes mGlu5 a possible target for treating schizophrenia, Fragile X, depression, anxiety,and Alzheimer's disease[2].
Discovery
The mGlu family of receptors was the first of the Class C GPCR to be extensively studied[2]. The first regions of the protein crystallized and studied were the Venus fly trap domain and the cystiene-rich domain on the extracellular region of the receptor. The hydrophobic nature and flexibility of the transmembrane domain made it difficult to crystalize. Recently, the human metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 transmembrane domain was crystallized and a structure elucidated. There were several modifications that had to be made to the TMD for it to successfully crystallize. The protein was thermostabilized and flexible domains were removed. In total residue 2-568 and residues 837-1153 were excised from the structure. Also, a T4 - was inserted into ICL-2.
Structure
Overall Structure of the TMD. The polar heads on the oliec acids orient the protein with the top of the image being the extracellular portion of the protein,the middle portion inserted into the membrane, and the lower portion located inside of the cell.
Overview
The mGlu5 TMD contains 7 that span the membrane. The protein was crystallized with Oleic acid and MES. On the superior portion of the protein there are several critical extracellular loops.The binding pocket can be found near the middle of the protein.Inserted into the biding pocket is the negative allosteric modulator Mavoglurant. It is important to note that the TMD as illustrated is in an inactive conformation. On the intracellular portion of the protein there exist several ionic locks whose positions will determine the activity of the protein.
Extracellular Domain
Binding Pocket
The binding pocket represents an interesting source of regulatory control of receptor activity. The binding pocket is only accesible by a relatively narrow, 7
Important Amino Acids:
- Asparagine 747forms a hydrogen bond network with main chain carbonyl of Glycine 652 and the carbamate portion of mavoglurant.
- Bicyclic ring surrounded by .
- 2 Catalytic serine resides H-bond to the hyrdoxyl oxygen.
- A water molecular inside of the binding pocket helps stabilize the inactive state.
Once bound to Mavoglurant, the whole domain undergoes a conformational change to
Ionic Locks
This is the .
Function and Pathway
Comparison to Similar Structures
Disease
Fragile X
Parkinsons
Relevance
Structural highlights
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