Sandbox Reserved 1167

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This Sandbox is Reserved from Jan 11 through August 12, 2016 for use in the course CH462 Central Metabolism taught by R. Jeremy Johnson at the Butler University, Indianapolis, USA. This reservation includes Sandbox Reserved 1160 through Sandbox Reserved 1184.

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Class B Human Glucagon G-Protein Coupled Receptor

This is a default text for your page '. Click above on edit this page' to modify. Be careful with the < and > signs. You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia ^[1] or to the article describing Jmol ^[2] to the rescue.

1 Background
2 Function
3 Structure
- 3.1 Class B vs. Class A
- 3.2 GCGR-Specific Traits
4 Glucagon Binding
5 Clinical Relevance

Background

Image:7tm labeled with membrane.png

The 7tm spans the cell membrane

The human glucagon receptor (GCGR) is one of 15 secretin-like, or Class B, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Like other GPCRs, it has a helical domain (shown in blue) and a globular N-terminus (shown in magenta). As its name suggests, the 7tm is made up of alpha helices that pass through the membrane seven times. The extracellular domain has an α-β-β structure that consists of two antiparallel β-sheets and a N-terminal α-helix^[3].

Function

The Glucagon Receptor plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. During times of fasting (or low blood sugar) the pancreas dispatches glucagon to activate the GCGR in the liver. The binding of glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis, through adenylate cyclase that initiates protein kinase A (PKA) activity^[4]. This pathway synthesizes glucose, elevating blood sugar levels.

Structure

Class B vs. Class A

As opposed to Class A glucagon receptors which have a proline kink, in all secretin-like class B glucagon receptors there is a Glycine at position 393 in Helix VII which allows for a . This Glycine helical bend is fully conserved in all secretin-like class B receptors and is an important part of the FQGxxVxxYCF motif.

Another important structural component found in all secretin-like class B receptors are the two conserved salt bridges found between Arg 346 and Glu 406 and Arg 173 and Glu 406

Glu 406 Salt Bridges

. No conservation of these residues are seen in Class A receptors.

The 7tm region has a conserved disulfide bond at which helps to stabilize the 7tm fold. This bond is conserved among both Class A and Class B receptors.The ECD region of Class B GCPRs is defined by three conserved disulfide bonds. These bonds occur at , , and .

As a part of the interface stabilization between helices VI, V, and III, a Class B specific hydrogen bond occurs between N 318 of Helix V and L 242 of Helix III.

GCGR-Specific Traits

Helix I "Stalk" Region

The of Helix I is longer than any other class of GPCR and extends 3 α-helical turns above the plane of the membrane. It helps to capture the glucagon peptide and facilitates it's insertion into the 7tm.

Intracellular Helix VIII

Binding Pocket

The Class B GPCR has the longest and deepest binding pocket. The distance between the EC tips of Helicies II and VI as well as between the tips between Helicies III and VII are some of the largest among the GPCRs.

Other Unique Structural Features

An important interface stabilization interaction between helices I and VII occurs between Ser 152 of Helix I and Ser 390 of Helix VII. Due to their close proximity to one another, they form an important which stabilizes the structure of GCGR.

Glucagon Binding

Research has shown that Class B GCPRs exist in either an open or closed conformation. To transition between states, the ECD rotates and moves down towards the 7tm domain. The stalk region of Helix I helps to facilitate this motion of the ECD.

In its open state, the ECD and the stalk region of Helix 1 are almost perpendicular to the membrane surface. In the case of GCGR, this open confirmation is stabilized by glucagon binding. In the absence of glucagon, however, the GCGR adopts a closed conformation in which all three of the extracellular loops of the 7tm (ECL1, ECL2, and ECL3) can interact with the ECD. In this closed state, the ECD covers the extracellular surface of the 7tm.

This transition mechanism is consistent with the "two-domain" binding mechanism of Class B GCPRs in which (1) the C-terminus of the ligand first binds to the ECD allowing (2) the N-terminus of the ligand to interact with the 7tm and activate the protein.

Clinical Relevance

Because of GCGRs role in glucose homeostasis, it is a potential drug target for Type 2 diabetes. Specifically, molecules that antagoinze the glucagon receptor may be able to lower blood sugar levels.

References

↑ Hanson, R. M., Prilusky, J., Renjian, Z., Nakane, T. and Sussman, J. L. (2013), JSmol and the Next-Generation Web-Based Representation of 3D Molecular Structure as Applied to Proteopedia. Isr. J. Chem., 53:207-216. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201300024
↑ Herraez A. Biomolecules in the computer: Jmol to the rescue. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 2006 Jul;34(4):255-61. doi: 10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644. PMID:21638687 doi:10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644
↑ Yang L, Yang D, de Graaf C, Moeller A, West GM, Dharmarajan V, Wang C, Siu FY, Song G, Reedtz-Runge S, Pascal BD, Wu B, Potter CS, Zhou H, Griffin PR, Carragher B, Yang H, Wang MW, Stevens RC, Jiang H. Conformational states of the full-length glucagon receptor. Nat Commun. 2015 Jul 31;6:7859. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8859. PMID:26227798 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8859
↑ PMID:PMC4321206

Retrieved from "http://52.214.119.220/wiki/index.php/Sandbox_Reserved_1167"

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 == Background ==
-[[Image:7tm_labeled_with_membrane.png|200 px|left|thumb|The 7tm spans the cell membrane]]The human glucagon receptor (GCGR) is one of 15 secretin-like, or Class B, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Like other GPCRs, it has a <scene name='72/721538/7tm_labeled_helicies/3'>7 trans-membrane </scene> helical domain (shown in blue) and a globular N-terminus <scene name='72/721538/Ecd/2'>extracellular domain</scene> (shown in magenta). As its name suggests, the 7tm is made up of alpha helices that pass through the membrane seven times. The extracellular domain  has a α-β-β structure consisting of two antiparallel β-sheets and a N-terminal α-helix<ref>PMID:26227798</ref>.
+[[Image:7tm_labeled_with_membrane.png|200 px|left|thumb|The 7tm spans the cell membrane]]The human glucagon receptor (GCGR) is one of 15 secretin-like, or Class B, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Like other GPCRs, it has a <scene name='72/721538/7tm_labeled_helicies/3'>7 trans-membrane </scene> helical domain (shown in blue) and a globular N-terminus <scene name='72/721538/Ecd/2'>extracellular domain</scene> (shown in magenta). As its name suggests, the 7tm is made up of alpha helices that pass through the membrane seven times. The extracellular domain has an α-β-β structure that consists of two antiparallel β-sheets and a N-terminal α-helix<ref>PMID:26227798</ref>.
 == Function ==
@@ Line 18: / Line 19: @@
 === Class B vs. Class A ===
-As opposed to class A glucagon receptors which have a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline proline] kink, in all  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin_receptor_family secretin-like class B glucagon receptors] there is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine Glycine] at position 393 in Helix VII which allows for a <scene name='72/721537/Gly_393_helical_bend/1'>helical bend</scene>. This Glycine and therefore this helical bend is fully [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_sequence conserved] in all secretin-like class B receptors and is an important part of the FQGxxVxxYCF [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_motif motif].
+As opposed to Class A glucagon receptors which have a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline proline] kink, in all  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin_receptor_family secretin-like class B glucagon receptors] there is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine Glycine] at position 393 in Helix VII which allows for a <scene name='72/721537/Gly_393_helical_bend/1'>helical bend</scene>. This Glycine helical bend is fully [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_sequence conserved] in all secretin-like class B receptors and is an important part of the FQGxxVxxYCF [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_motif motif].
-Another important structural component found in all secretin-like class B receptors are the two conserved [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_bridge_%28protein_and_supramolecular%29 salt bridges] found between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine Arg] 346 and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid Glu] 406 and Arg 173 and Glu 406 [[Image:Salt Bridge Interactions.png | 300 px|left|thumb|Glu 406 Salt Bridges]].
+Another important structural component found in all secretin-like class B receptors are the two conserved [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_bridge_%28protein_and_supramolecular%29 salt bridges] found between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine Arg] 346 and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid Glu] 406 and Arg 173 and Glu 406 [[Image:Salt Bridge Interactions.png | 300 px|left|thumb|Glu 406 Salt Bridges]]. No conservation of these residues are seen in Class A receptors.
-Since there is no conservation of these residues in class A receptors these salt bridges are likely an important feature of secretin-like class B receptors.
 The 7tm region has a conserved [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfide disulfide bond] at <scene name='72/721538/7tm_disulfide_bond/2'>Cys224-Cys294</scene> which helps to stabilize the 7tm fold. This bond is conserved among both Class A and Class B receptors.The ECD region of Class B GCPRs is defined by three conserved disulfide bonds. These bonds occur at <scene name='72/721538/Ecd_disulfide_bond_1/4'>Cys62-Cys104</scene>, <scene name='72/721538/Ecd_disulfide_bond_2/1'>Cys46-Cys71</scene>, and <scene name='72/721538/Ecd_disulfide_bond_3/1'>Cys85-Cys126</scene>.
-As a part of the interface stabilization between helices VI, V, and III, a class B specific [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond hydrogen bond] occurs between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagine N] 318 of Helix V and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine L] 242 of Helix III.
+As a part of the interface stabilization between helices VI, V, and III, a Class B specific [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond hydrogen bond] occurs between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagine N] 318 of Helix V and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine L] 242 of Helix III.
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 ====Other Unique Structural Features ====
-An important interface stabilization interaction between helices I and VII occurs between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine Ser] 152 of Helix I and Ser 390 of Helix VII. Due to their close proximity to one another, they form an important <scene name='72/721537/Ser-ser_hydrogen_bond/2'>hydrogen bond</scene> which serves to stabilize the structure of GCGR.
+An important interface stabilization interaction between helices I and VII occurs between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine Ser] 152 of Helix I and Ser 390 of Helix VII. Due to their close proximity to one another, they form an important <scene name='72/721537/Ser-ser_hydrogen_bond/2'>hydrogen bond</scene> which stabilizes the structure of GCGR.
 == Glucagon Binding ==
-Research has shown that Class B GCPRs exist in either an [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150731/ncomms8859/fig_tab/ncomms8859_F3.html open or closed conformation]. Transitioning between states, the ECD rotates and moves down towards the 7tm domain. The stalk region of Helix I helps to facilitate this motion of the ECD.
+Research has shown that Class B GCPRs exist in either an [http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150731/ncomms8859/fig_tab/ncomms8859_F3.html open or closed conformation]. To transition between states, the ECD rotates and moves down towards the 7tm domain. The stalk region of Helix I helps to facilitate this motion of the ECD.
-In its open state, the ECD and the stalk region of Helix 1 are almost perpendicular to the membrane surface. In the case of the human glucagon receptor, this open confirmation is stabilized by glucagon binding. In the absence of glucagon, however, the  GCPR adopts a closed conformation in which all three of the extracellular loops of the 7tm (ECL1, ECL2, and ECL3) can interact with the ECD. In this closed state, the ECD covers the extracellular surface of the 7tm.
+In its open state, the ECD and the stalk region of Helix 1 are almost perpendicular to the membrane surface. In the case of GCGR, this open confirmation is stabilized by glucagon binding. In the absence of glucagon, however, the  GCGR adopts a closed conformation in which all three of the extracellular loops of the 7tm (ECL1, ECL2, and ECL3) can interact with the ECD. In this closed state, the ECD covers the extracellular surface of the 7tm.
 This transition mechanism is consistent with the "two-domain" binding mechanism of Class B GCPRs in which (1) the C-terminus of the ligand first binds to the ECD allowing (2) the N-terminus of the ligand to interact with the 7tm and activate the protein.