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Botulinum Toxin is a protein most commonly known for causing the potentially fatal illness botulism. The protein is produced by three species of obligate anaerobe bacterium, primarily ''Clostridium botulism'', but is also produced by ''Clostridium baratii'' and ''Clostridium butyricum'' <ref>Hall JD, McCroskey LM, Pincomb BJ, Hatheway CL. Isolation of an organism resembling Clostridium baratii which produces type F botulinal toxin from an infant with botulism. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;21:654-655. 36. </ref> <ref>Aureli P, Fenicia L, Pasolini B, Gianfranceschi M, McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL. Two cases of type E infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum in Italy. J Infect Dis. 1986;154: 207-211. 37. </ref> <ref>Arnon SS. Botulism as an intestinal toxemia. In: Blaser MJ, Smith PD, Ravdin JI, Greenberg HB, Guerrant RL, eds. Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1995:257-271.</ref>. ''Clostridium botulism'' is commonly found in soil, marine sediments, and the gut of grazing animals <ref>Ward BQ, Carroll BJ, Garrett ES, GB Reese. Survey of the U.S. Gulf Coast for the presence of Clostridium botulinum. Appl Microbiol. 1967;15:629–636. 26.</ref> <ref> Smith LDS. The occurrence of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani in the soil of the United States. Health Lab Sci. 1978;15:74–80. 27. </ref> <ref>Sugiyama H. Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin. Microbiol Rev. 1980;44:419–448. 28. Dodds KL. Clostridium botulinum in the environment. In: Hauschild AHW </ref> <ref>Dodds KL, eds. Clostridium botulinum—Ecology and Control in Foods. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1992: 21–51. 29. </ref> <ref>Popoff MR. Ecology of neurotoxigenic strains of clostridia. In: Montecucco C, ed. Current Topics in Microbiology: Clostridial Neurotoxins. The Molecular Pathogenesis of Tetanus and Botulism. Vol 195. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1995: 1–29. </ref> . When exposed to humans through inhalation, ingestion, or surface wounds, the botulinum toxin acts as a neurotoxin.
Botulinum Toxin is a protein most commonly known for causing the potentially fatal illness botulism. The protein is produced by three species of obligate anaerobe bacterium, primarily ''Clostridium botulism'', but is also produced by ''Clostridium baratii'' and ''Clostridium butyricum'' <ref>Hall JD, McCroskey LM, Pincomb BJ, Hatheway CL. Isolation of an organism resembling Clostridium baratii which produces type F botulinal toxin from an infant with botulism. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;21:654-655. 36. </ref> <ref>Aureli P, Fenicia L, Pasolini B, Gianfranceschi M, McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL. Two cases of type E infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum in Italy. J Infect Dis. 1986;154: 207-211. 37. </ref> <ref>Arnon SS. Botulism as an intestinal toxemia. In: Blaser MJ, Smith PD, Ravdin JI, Greenberg HB, Guerrant RL, eds. Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1995:257-271.</ref>. ''Clostridium botulism'' is commonly found in soil, marine sediments, and the gut of grazing animals <ref>Ward BQ, Carroll BJ, Garrett ES, GB Reese. Survey of the U.S. Gulf Coast for the presence of Clostridium botulinum. Appl Microbiol. 1967;15:629–636. 26.</ref> <ref> Smith LDS. The occurrence of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani in the soil of the United States. Health Lab Sci. 1978;15:74–80. 27. </ref> <ref>Sugiyama H. Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin. Microbiol Rev. 1980;44:419–448. 28. Dodds KL. Clostridium botulinum in the environment. In: Hauschild AHW </ref> <ref>Dodds KL, eds. Clostridium botulinum—Ecology and Control in Foods. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1992: 21–51. 29. </ref> <ref>Popoff MR. Ecology of neurotoxigenic strains of clostridia. In: Montecucco C, ed. Current Topics in Microbiology: Clostridial Neurotoxins. The Molecular Pathogenesis of Tetanus and Botulism. Vol 195. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1995: 1–29. </ref> . When exposed to humans through inhalation, ingestion, or surface wounds, the botulinum toxin acts as a neurotoxin.
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There are seven forms of the neurotoxin, named A through G, that are structurally similar but create different immune responses. The forms of Botulinum Toxin that most often cause botulism in humans are A, B, and E.
<Structure load='3BTA' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Botulinum Toxin Neurotoxin Serotype A' scene='Insert optional scene name here' />
<Structure load='3BTA' size='350' frame='true' align='right' caption='Botulinum Toxin Neurotoxin Serotype A' scene='Insert optional scene name here' />

Revision as of 12:45, 14 April 2016

Background

Botulinum Toxin is a protein most commonly known for causing the potentially fatal illness botulism. The protein is produced by three species of obligate anaerobe bacterium, primarily Clostridium botulism, but is also produced by Clostridium baratii and Clostridium butyricum [1] [2] [3]. Clostridium botulism is commonly found in soil, marine sediments, and the gut of grazing animals [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . When exposed to humans through inhalation, ingestion, or surface wounds, the botulinum toxin acts as a neurotoxin.

There are seven forms of the neurotoxin, named A through G, that are structurally similar but create different immune responses. The forms of Botulinum Toxin that most often cause botulism in humans are A, B, and E.

Botulinum Toxin Neurotoxin Serotype A

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Image:MW_Folding_Simulations.gif

Let us color the N to C terminus accordingly. The N terminus appears in blue while the C terminus is red.

 Amino Terminus                 Carboxy Terminus 



References

  1. ↑ Hall JD, McCroskey LM, Pincomb BJ, Hatheway CL. Isolation of an organism resembling Clostridium baratii which produces type F botulinal toxin from an infant with botulism. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;21:654-655. 36.
  2. ↑ Aureli P, Fenicia L, Pasolini B, Gianfranceschi M, McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL. Two cases of type E infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum in Italy. J Infect Dis. 1986;154: 207-211. 37.
  3. ↑ Arnon SS. Botulism as an intestinal toxemia. In: Blaser MJ, Smith PD, Ravdin JI, Greenberg HB, Guerrant RL, eds. Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1995:257-271.
  4. ↑ Ward BQ, Carroll BJ, Garrett ES, GB Reese. Survey of the U.S. Gulf Coast for the presence of Clostridium botulinum. Appl Microbiol. 1967;15:629–636. 26.
  5. ↑ Smith LDS. The occurrence of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani in the soil of the United States. Health Lab Sci. 1978;15:74–80. 27.
  6. ↑ Sugiyama H. Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin. Microbiol Rev. 1980;44:419–448. 28. Dodds KL. Clostridium botulinum in the environment. In: Hauschild AHW
  7. ↑ Dodds KL, eds. Clostridium botulinum—Ecology and Control in Foods. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1992: 21–51. 29.
  8. ↑ Popoff MR. Ecology of neurotoxigenic strains of clostridia. In: Montecucco C, ed. Current Topics in Microbiology: Clostridial Neurotoxins. The Molecular Pathogenesis of Tetanus and Botulism. Vol 195. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1995: 1–29.
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