| Structural highlights
Function
[LEG9_HUMAN] Binds galactosides. Has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide. May play a role in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus. Inhibits cell proliferation. It is a ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3. Induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death. Isoform Short acts as an eosinophil chemoattractant.[1] [2] [3]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Galectin-9 (G9) is a tandem-repeat type beta-galactoside-specific animal lectin having N-terminal and C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domains (N-CRD and C-CRD, respectively) joined by a linker peptide that is involved in the immune system. G9 is divalent in glycan binding, and structural information about the spatial arrangement of the two CRDs is very important for elucidating its biological functions. As G9 is protease sensitive due to the long linker, the protease-resistant mutant form of G9 (G9Null) was developed by modification of the linker peptide, while retaining its biological functions. The X-ray structure of a mutant form of G9Null with the replacement of Arg221 by Ser (G9Null_R221S) having two CRDs was determined. The structure of G9Null_R221S was compact to associate the two CRDs in the back-to-back orientation with a large interface area, including hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. A metal ion was newly found in the galectin structure, possibly contributing to the stable structure of protein. The presented X-ray structure was thought to be one of the stable structures of G9, which likely occurs in solution. This was supported by structural comparisons with other tandem-repeated galectins and the analyses of protein thermostability by CD spectra measurements.
X-ray structure of a protease-resistant mutant form of human galectin-9 having two carbohydrate recognition domains with a metal-binding site.,Yoshida H, Nishi N, Wada K, Nakamura T, Hirashima M, Kuwabara N, Kato R, Kamitori S Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017 Sep 2;490(4):1287-1293. doi:, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.009. Epub 2017 Jul 4. PMID:28687490[4]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Zhu C, Anderson AC, Schubart A, Xiong H, Imitola J, Khoury SJ, Zheng XX, Strom TB, Kuchroo VK. The Tim-3 ligand galectin-9 negatively regulates T helper type 1 immunity. Nat Immunol. 2005 Dec;6(12):1245-52. Epub 2005 Nov 13. PMID:16286920 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1271
- ↑ Nagae M, Nishi N, Nakamura-Tsuruta S, Hirabayashi J, Wakatsuki S, Kato R. Structural analysis of the human galectin-9 N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain reveals unexpected properties that differ from the mouse orthologue. J Mol Biol. 2008 Jan 4;375(1):119-35. Epub 2007 Sep 26. PMID:18005988 doi:S0022-2836(07)01208-9
- ↑ Nagae M, Nishi N, Murata T, Usui T, Nakamura T, Wakatsuki S, Kato R. Structural analysis of the recognition mechanism of poly-N-acetyllactosamine by the human galectin-9 N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain. Glycobiology. 2009 Feb;19(2):112-7. Epub 2008 Oct 31. PMID:18977853 doi:cwn121
- ↑ Yoshida H, Nishi N, Wada K, Nakamura T, Hirashima M, Kuwabara N, Kato R, Kamitori S. X-ray structure of a protease-resistant mutant form of human galectin-9 having two carbohydrate recognition domains with a metal-binding site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017 Sep 2;490(4):1287-1293. doi:, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.009. Epub 2017 Jul 4. PMID:28687490 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.009
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