Structural highlights
Function
[PHOQ_SALTY] Member of the two-component regulatory system PhoP/PhoQ which regulates the expression of genes involved in virulence, adaptation to acidic and low Mg(2+) environments and resistance to host defense antimicrobial peptides. Essential for intramacrophage survival of S.typhimurium. In low periplasmic Mg(2+), PhoQ functions as a membrane-associated protein kinase that undergoes autophosphorylation and subsequently transfers the phosphate to PhoP, resulting in the expression of PhoP-activated genes (PAG) and repression of PhoP-repressed genes (PRG). In high periplasmic Mg(2+), acts as a protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates phospho-PhoP, resulting in the repression of PAG and may lead to expression of some PRG. Essential for transcription of spiC inside macrophages by controlling the expression of the two-component regulatory system SsrB/SpiR (SsrA) and Pir at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels respectively. Promotes expression of the two-component regulatory system PmrA/PmrB via activation of pmrD gene. Is required to attenuate bacterial growth within fibroblast cells and to enhance bacterial resistance to bile in intestinal cells. Negatively regulates prgH, which is required for invasion of epithelial cells. Involved in acid tolerance.[1] [2] [3]
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Bacterial histidine kinases respond to environmental stimuli by transducing a signal from an extracytosolic sensor domain to a cytosolic catalytic domain. Among them, PhoQ promotes bacterial virulence and is tightly repressed by the divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium. We have determined the crystal structure of the PhoQ sensor domain from Salmonella typhimurium in the Ca2+-bound state, which reveals a highly negatively charged surface that is in close proximity to the inner membrane. This acidic surface binds at least three Ca2+, which mediate the PhoQ-membrane interaction. Mutagenesis analysis indicates that structural integrity at the membrane proximal region of the PhoQ sensor domain promotes metal-mediated repression. We propose that depletion or displacement of divalent cations leads to charge repulsion between PhoQ and the membrane, which initiates transmembrane signaling through a change in orientation between the PhoQ sensor domain and membrane. Therefore, both PhoQ and the membrane are required for extracytosolic sensing and transmembrane signaling.
Metal bridges between the PhoQ sensor domain and the membrane regulate transmembrane signaling.,Cho US, Bader MW, Amaya MF, Daley ME, Klevit RE, Miller SI, Xu W J Mol Biol. 2006 Mar 10;356(5):1193-206. Epub 2005 Dec 27. PMID:16406409[4]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Miller SI, Kukral AM, Mekalanos JJ. A two-component regulatory system (phoP phoQ) controls Salmonella typhimurium virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(13):5054-8. PMID:2544889
- ↑ Bearson BL, Wilson L, Foster JW. A low pH-inducible, PhoPQ-dependent acid tolerance response protects Salmonella typhimurium against inorganic acid stress. J Bacteriol. 1998 May;180(9):2409-17. PMID:9573193
- ↑ Sanowar S, Le Moual H. Functional reconstitution of the Salmonella typhimurium PhoQ histidine kinase sensor in proteoliposomes. Biochem J. 2005 Sep 15;390(Pt 3):769-76. PMID:15910283 doi:http://dx.doi.org/BJ20050060
- ↑ Cho US, Bader MW, Amaya MF, Daley ME, Klevit RE, Miller SI, Xu W. Metal bridges between the PhoQ sensor domain and the membrane regulate transmembrane signaling. J Mol Biol. 2006 Mar 10;356(5):1193-206. Epub 2005 Dec 27. PMID:16406409 doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2005.12.032
