Garman lab: Interconversion of lysosomal enzyme specificities
From Proteopedia
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Superposition of structures: alpha-GAL(SA) bound to GALNAc, in yellow, and alpha-NAGAL bound to GALNAc, in dark blue. GALNAc product of alpha-GAL(SA) is shown in light brown and GALNAc. product of alpha-NAGAL is shown in light blue. The two product structures are oriented slightly at different angles, but no difference in binding was found. | Superposition of structures: alpha-GAL(SA) bound to GALNAc, in yellow, and alpha-NAGAL bound to GALNAc, in dark blue. GALNAc product of alpha-GAL(SA) is shown in light brown and GALNAc. product of alpha-NAGAL is shown in light blue. The two product structures are oriented slightly at different angles, but no difference in binding was found. | ||
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Revision as of 03:51, 4 July 2018
Contents |
How this page was created
The goal of this page is to provide three-dimensional and interactive figures resembling those of an original paper.
Lysosomal storage disease
Lysosomal storage disorders are inherited metabolic diseases characterized by an accumulation of undigested various toxic materials. There are nearly 50 diseases and the two examples shown here are Fabry and Schindler disease. Fabry disease, which occurs between early childhood and adolescence, is characterized by the lack of the enzyme alpha galactosidase (α-Gal). Schindler disease can occur in infancy or in adulthood and is characterized by the lack on the enzyme alpha N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NaGal). There are currently no cures for lysosomal storage disorders however enzyme replacement therapy is a treatment option. The basic principle of enzyme replacement therapy is to over express the enzyme of interest heterologously, in this case α-Gal α-NaGal, in a cell line and to isolate and purify it from the culture. In enzyme replacement therapy, patients are injected with the enzymes that they lack in the hopes of restoring the enzymatic activity in their cells.
Immune Response
Individuals suffering from Fabry disease cannot produce the α-GAL protein that is necessary for breaking down Galactose. The usual treatment for this is giving the patient doses of the protein, but this poses a problem. Since the body does not produce the protein, an immune response ranging from severe anaphylaxis to mild discomfort can occur when the patient is given the protein. The body does however produce α-NAGAL, a protein with a similar active site and function as Alpha Gal. Altering the active site of α-NAGAL to match that of α-GAL allows doctors to administer a protein that serves the function of Alpha Gal but has the antigenicity of α-NAGAL, which means the body will recognize the protein and not elicit an immune response.
Enzymatic activity
α-Gal and α-NaGal have relatively identical active sites, which are conserved with the exception of alanine, serine, glutamate and leucine which are positioned differently. The two enzymes have the same folds and both function by cleaving glycosydic bonds however have different substrate specificities. The differences in substrate specificity occur because α-NaGal has a larger binding pocket thus interacting with larger molecules but smaller residues.
Galactose vs. N-acetyl-galactosamine
Structures shown on this page
3H54: the enyme α-NAGAL in complex with the sugar GalNAc
3HG5: the enyme α-GAL in complex with the sugar galactose
3LX9: the enyme α-GAL(SA) in complex with the sugar GalNAc
3LXA: the enyme α-GAL(SA) in complex with the sugar galactose
3LXC: the enyme α-GAL(SA) in the presence of glycerol
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