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Eric Martz
The first new influenza virus to emerge as an imminent pandemic threat in the 21st century is H1N1 swine flu. The drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) inhibits flu neuraminidase, a component necessary for virus spread, in susceptible flu strains. The development of oseltamivir was guided, in part, by crystallographically determined structures of flu neuraminidase, which is a homotetramer, shown with oseltamivir bound. Oseltamivir was designed to fit N2/N9 (neuraminidases from other strains of flu). Serendipitously, it also fits N1 by induced fit.

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by Eric Martz
A historical review on sculptures and physical models of macromolecules.

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Y Gu, V Srikanth, AI Salazar-Morales, R Jain, JP O'Brien, SM Yi, RK Soni, FA Samatey, SE Yalcin, NS Malvankar. Nature 2021 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03857-w
Geobacter pili were long thought to be electrically conductive protein nanowires composed of PilA-N. Nanowires are crucial to the energy metabolism of bacteria flourishing in oxygen-deprived environments. To everyone's surprise, in 2019, the long-studied nanowires were found to be linear polymers of multi-heme cytochromes, not pili. The first cryo-EM structure of pili (2021) reveals a filament made of dimers of PilA-N and PilA-C, shown. Electrical conductivity of pili is much lower than that of cytochrome nanowires. Evidence suggests that PilA-NC filaments are periplasmic pseudopili crucial for exporting cytochrome nanowires onto the cell surface, rather than the pili serving as nanowires themselves.

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This tutorial illustrates some basic properties of protein structure:

• Levels of protein structure.
• Ways of representing protein structure.
• Secondary structures.
• Motifs in proteins.
• Domains.
• Tertiary structure.
• Quaternary structure.

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