6n13

Structural highlights

Disease

[PRKN_HUMAN] Young adult-onset Parkinsonism. Disease susceptibility may be associated with variations affecting the gene represented in this entry. Heterozygous mutations act as susceptibility alleles for late-onset Parkinson disease (PubMed:12730996 and PubMed:12629236). The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. Defects in PRKN may be involved in the development and/or progression of ovarian cancer.

Function

[UBC_HUMAN] Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.^{[1] [2]} [PRKN_HUMAN] Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins, such as BCL2, SYT11, CCNE1, GPR37, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1, MFN2, STUB1, SNCAIP, SEPT5, TOMM20, USP30, ZNF746 and AIMP2 (PubMed:10973942, PubMed:10888878, PubMed:11431533, PubMed:12150907, PubMed:12628165, PubMed:16135753, PubMed:21376232, PubMed:23754282, PubMed:23620051, PubMed:24660806, PubMed:24751536). Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-6', 'Lys-11', 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context (PubMed:19229105, PubMed:20889974, PubMed:25621951). Participates in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of misfolded proteins such as PARK7: 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins are then recognized by HDAC6, leading to their recruitment to aggresomes, followed by degradation (PubMed:17846173, PubMed:19229105). Mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of a 22 kDa O-linked glycosylated isoform of SNCAIP, possibly playing a role in Lewy-body formation (PubMed:11590439, PubMed:11431533, PubMed:19229105, PubMed:11590439, PubMed:15728840). Mediates monoubiquitination of BCL2, thereby acting as a positive regulator of autophagy (PubMed:20889974). Promotes the autophagic degradation of dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria (mitophagy) by promoting the ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins such as TOMM20, RHOT1/MIRO1 and USP30 (PubMed:19029340, PubMed:19966284, PubMed:23620051, PubMed:24896179, PubMed:25527291). Preferentially assembles 'Lys-6'-, 'Lys-11'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains following mitochondrial damage, leading to mitophagy (PubMed:25621951). Mediates 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of ZNF746, followed by degradation of ZNF746 by the proteasome; possibly playing a role in the regulation of neuron death (PubMed:21376232). Limits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regulates cyclin-E during neuronal apoptosis. In collaboration with CHPF isoform 2, may enhance cell viability and protect cells from oxidative stress (PubMed:22082830). Independently of its ubiquitin ligase activity, protects from apoptosis by the transcriptional repression of p53/TP53 (PubMed:19801972). May protect neurons against alpha synuclein toxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, GPR37 accumulation, and kainate-induced excitotoxicity (PubMed:11439185). May play a role in controlling neurotransmitter trafficking at the presynaptic terminal and in calcium-dependent exocytosis. May represent a tumor suppressor gene.^{[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]} [UB2L3_HUMAN] Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 that specifically acts with HECT-type and RBR family E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. Does not function with most RING-containing E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases because it lacks intrinsic E3-independent reactivity with lysine: in contrast, it has activity with the RBR family E3 enzymes, such as PARK2 and ARIH1, that function like function like RING-HECT hybrids. Accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. In vitro catalyzes 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitination. Involved in the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. Down-regulated during the S-phase it is involved in progression through the cell cycle. Regulates nuclear hormone receptors transcriptional activity. May play a role in myelopoiesis.^{[31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]} [UBB_HUMAN] Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.^{[38] [39]}

References

1. ↑ Huang F, Kirkpatrick D, Jiang X, Gygi S, Sorkin A. Differential regulation of EGF receptor internalization and degradation by multiubiquitination within the kinase domain. Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):737-48. PMID:16543144 doi:S1097-2765(06)00120-1
2. ↑ Komander D. The emerging complexity of protein ubiquitination. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):937-53. doi: 10.1042/BST0370937. PMID:19754430 doi:10.1042/BST0370937
3. ↑ Shimura H, Hattori N, Kubo S, Mizuno Y, Asakawa S, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Iwai K, Chiba T, Tanaka K, Suzuki T. Familial Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, is a ubiquitin-protein ligase. Nat Genet. 2000 Jul;25(3):302-5. PMID:10888878 doi:10.1038/77060
4. ↑ Imai Y, Soda M, Takahashi R. Parkin suppresses unfolded protein stress-induced cell death through its E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 17;275(46):35661-4. PMID:10973942 doi:10.1074/jbc.C000447200
5. ↑ Shimura H, Schlossmacher MG, Hattori N, Frosch MP, Trockenbacher A, Schneider R, Mizuno Y, Kosik KS, Selkoe DJ. Ubiquitination of a new form of alpha-synuclein by parkin from human brain: implications for Parkinson's disease. Science. 2001 Jul 13;293(5528):263-9. Epub 2001 Jun 28. PMID:11431533 doi:10.1126/science.1060627
6. ↑ Chung KK, Zhang Y, Lim KL, Tanaka Y, Huang H, Gao J, Ross CA, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Parkin ubiquitinates the alpha-synuclein-interacting protein, synphilin-1: implications for Lewy-body formation in Parkinson disease. Nat Med. 2001 Oct;7(10):1144-50. PMID:11590439 doi:10.1038/nm1001-1144
7. ↑ Staropoli JF, McDermott C, Martinat C, Schulman B, Demireva E, Abeliovich A. Parkin is a component of an SCF-like ubiquitin ligase complex and protects postmitotic neurons from kainate excitotoxicity. Neuron. 2003 Mar 6;37(5):735-49. PMID:12628165
8. ↑ Cesari R, Martin ES, Calin GA, Pentimalli F, Bichi R, McAdams H, Trapasso F, Drusco A, Shimizu M, Masciullo V, D'Andrilli G, Scambia G, Picchio MC, Alder H, Godwin AK, Croce CM. Parkin, a gene implicated in autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, is a candidate tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 6q25-q27. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 May 13;100(10):5956-61. Epub 2003 Apr 28. PMID:12719539 doi:10.1073/pnas.0931262100
9. ↑ Chung KK, Thomas B, Li X, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Marsh L, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. S-nitrosylation of parkin regulates ubiquitination and compromises parkin's protective function. Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1328-31. Epub 2004 Apr 22. PMID:15105460 doi:10.1126/science.1093891
10. ↑ Lim KL, Chew KC, Tan JM, Wang C, Chung KK, Zhang Y, Tanaka Y, Smith W, Engelender S, Ross CA, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Parkin mediates nonclassical, proteasomal-independent ubiquitination of synphilin-1: implications for Lewy body formation. J Neurosci. 2005 Feb 23;25(8):2002-9. PMID:15728840 doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4474-04.2005
11. ↑ Ko HS, von Coelln R, Sriram SR, Kim SW, Chung KK, Pletnikova O, Troncoso J, Johnson B, Saffary R, Goh EL, Song H, Park BJ, Kim MJ, Kim S, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Accumulation of the authentic parkin substrate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase cofactor, p38/JTV-1, leads to catecholaminergic cell death. J Neurosci. 2005 Aug 31;25(35):7968-78. PMID:16135753 doi:25/35/7968
12. ↑ Olzmann JA, Li L, Chudaev MV, Chen J, Perez FA, Palmiter RD, Chin LS. Parkin-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination targets misfolded DJ-1 to aggresomes via binding to HDAC6. J Cell Biol. 2007 Sep 10;178(6):1025-38. PMID:17846173 doi:10.1083/jcb.200611128
13. ↑ Yu F, Zhou J. Parkin is ubiquitinated by Nrdp1 and abrogates Nrdp1-induced oxidative stress. Neurosci Lett. 2008 Jul 25;440(1):4-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.052. Epub, 2008 May 18. PMID:18541373 doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.052
14. ↑ Narendra D, Tanaka A, Suen DF, Youle RJ. Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy. J Cell Biol. 2008 Dec 1;183(5):795-803. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200809125. Epub 2008 Nov, 24. PMID:19029340 doi:10.1083/jcb.200809125
15. ↑ Xiong H, Wang D, Chen L, Choo YS, Ma H, Tang C, Xia K, Jiang W, Ronai Z, Zhuang X, Zhang Z. Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1 form a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex promoting unfolded protein degradation. J Clin Invest. 2009 Mar;119(3):650-60. doi: 10.1172/JCI37617. Epub 2009 Feb 23. PMID:19229105 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI37617
16. ↑ da Costa CA, Sunyach C, Giaime E, West A, Corti O, Brice A, Safe S, Abou-Sleiman PM, Wood NW, Takahashi H, Goldberg MS, Shen J, Checler F. Transcriptional repression of p53 by parkin and impairment by mutations associated with autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson's disease. Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Nov;11(11):1370-5. doi: 10.1038/ncb1981. Epub 2009 Oct 4. PMID:19801972 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1981
17. ↑ Vives-Bauza C, Zhou C, Huang Y, Cui M, de Vries RL, Kim J, May J, Tocilescu MA, Liu W, Ko HS, Magrane J, Moore DJ, Dawson VL, Grailhe R, Dawson TM, Li C, Tieu K, Przedborski S. PINK1-dependent recruitment of Parkin to mitochondria in mitophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 5;107(1):378-83. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0911187107., Epub 2009 Dec 4. PMID:19966284 doi:10.1073/pnas.0911187107
18. ↑ Chen D, Gao F, Li B, Wang H, Xu Y, Zhu C, Wang G. Parkin mono-ubiquitinates Bcl-2 and regulates autophagy. J Biol Chem. 2010 Dec 3;285(49):38214-23. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.101469. Epub 2010, Oct 2. PMID:20889974 doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.101469
19. ↑ Shin JH, Ko HS, Kang H, Lee Y, Lee YI, Pletinkova O, Troconso JC, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. PARIS (ZNF746) repression of PGC-1alpha contributes to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Cell. 2011 Mar 4;144(5):689-702. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.010. PMID:21376232 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.010
20. ↑ Wenzel DM, Lissounov A, Brzovic PS, Klevit RE. UBCH7 reactivity profile reveals parkin and HHARI to be RING/HECT hybrids. Nature. 2011 Jun 2;474(7349):105-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09966. Epub 2011 May 1. PMID:21532592 doi:10.1038/nature09966
21. ↑ Kuroda Y, Sako W, Goto S, Sawada T, Uchida D, Izumi Y, Takahashi T, Kagawa N, Matsumoto M, Matsumoto M, Takahashi R, Kaji R, Mitsui T. Parkin interacts with Klokin1 for mitochondrial import and maintenance of membrane potential. Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Mar 1;21(5):991-1003. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddr530. Epub 2011 Nov , 14. PMID:22082830 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddr530
22. ↑ Chen Y, Dorn GW 2nd. PINK1-phosphorylated mitofusin 2 is a Parkin receptor for culling damaged mitochondria. Science. 2013 Apr 26;340(6131):471-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1231031. PMID:23620051 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1231031
23. ↑ Iguchi M, Kujuro Y, Okatsu K, Koyano F, Kosako H, Kimura M, Suzuki N, Uchiyama S, Tanaka K, Matsuda N. Parkin-catalyzed ubiquitin-ester transfer is triggered by PINK1-dependent phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 2013 Jul 26;288(30):22019-32. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.467530. Epub, 2013 Jun 10. PMID:23754282 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.467530
24. ↑ Burchell VS, Nelson DE, Sanchez-Martinez A, Delgado-Camprubi M, Ivatt RM, Pogson JH, Randle SJ, Wray S, Lewis PA, Houlden H, Abramov AY, Hardy J, Wood NW, Whitworth AJ, Laman H, Plun-Favreau H. The Parkinson's disease-linked proteins Fbxo7 and Parkin interact to mediate mitophagy. Nat Neurosci. 2013 Sep;16(9):1257-65. doi: 10.1038/nn.3489. Epub 2013 Aug 11. PMID:23933751 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.3489
25. ↑ Kazlauskaite A, Kondapalli C, Gourlay R, Campbell DG, Ritorto MS, Hofmann K, Alessi DR, Knebel A, Trost M, Muqit MM. Parkin is activated by PINK1-dependent phosphorylation of ubiquitin at Ser65. Biochem J. 2014 May 15;460(1):127-39. doi: 10.1042/BJ20140334. PMID:24660806 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20140334
26. ↑ Kane LA, Lazarou M, Fogel AI, Li Y, Yamano K, Sarraf SA, Banerjee S, Youle RJ. PINK1 phosphorylates ubiquitin to activate Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. J Cell Biol. 2014 Apr 28;205(2):143-53. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201402104. Epub 2014 Apr, 21. PMID:24751536 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201402104
27. ↑ Koyano F, Okatsu K, Kosako H, Tamura Y, Go E, Kimura M, Kimura Y, Tsuchiya H, Yoshihara H, Hirokawa T, Endo T, Fon EA, Trempe JF, Saeki Y, Tanaka K, Matsuda N. Ubiquitin is phosphorylated by PINK1 to activate parkin. Nature. 2014 Jun 5;510(7503):162-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13392. Epub 2014 Jun 4. PMID:24784582 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13392
28. ↑ Bingol B, Tea JS, Phu L, Reichelt M, Bakalarski CE, Song Q, Foreman O, Kirkpatrick DS, Sheng M. The mitochondrial deubiquitinase USP30 opposes parkin-mediated mitophagy. Nature. 2014 Jun 19;510(7505):370-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13418. Epub 2014 Jun 4. PMID:24896179 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13418
29. ↑ Wauer T, Swatek KN, Wagstaff JL, Gladkova C, Pruneda JN, Michel MA, Gersch M, Johnson CM, Freund SM, Komander D. Ubiquitin Ser65 phosphorylation affects ubiquitin structure, chain assembly and hydrolysis. EMBO J. 2014 Dec 19. pii: e201489847. PMID:25527291 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.201489847
30. ↑ Cunningham CN, Baughman JM, Phu L, Tea JS, Yu C, Coons M, Kirkpatrick DS, Bingol B, Corn JE. USP30 and parkin homeostatically regulate atypical ubiquitin chains on mitochondria. Nat Cell Biol. 2015 Feb;17(2):160-9. doi: 10.1038/ncb3097. Epub 2015 Jan 26. PMID:25621951 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb3097
31. ↑ Shimura H, Hattori N, Kubo S, Mizuno Y, Asakawa S, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Iwai K, Chiba T, Tanaka K, Suzuki T. Familial Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, is a ubiquitin-protein ligase. Nat Genet. 2000 Jul;25(3):302-5. PMID:10888878 doi:10.1038/77060
32. ↑ Verma S, Ismail A, Gao X, Fu G, Li X, O'Malley BW, Nawaz Z. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBCH7 acts as a coactivator for steroid hormone receptors. Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Oct;24(19):8716-26. PMID:15367689 doi:10.1128/MCB.24.19.8716-8726.2004
33. ↑ Garside H, Waters C, Berry A, Rice L, Ardley HC, White A, Robinson PA, Ray D. UbcH7 interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor and mediates receptor autoregulation. J Endocrinol. 2006 Sep;190(3):621-9. PMID:17003263 doi:10.1677/joe.1.06799
34. ↑ Marteijn JA, van der Meer LT, Smit JJ, Noordermeer SM, Wissink W, Jansen P, Swarts HG, Hibbert RG, de Witte T, Sixma TK, Jansen JH, van der Reijden BA. The ubiquitin ligase Triad1 inhibits myelopoiesis through UbcH7 and Ubc13 interacting domains. Leukemia. 2009 Aug;23(8):1480-9. Epub 2009 Apr 2. PMID:19340006 doi:leu200957
35. ↑ Whitcomb EA, Dudek EJ, Liu Q, Taylor A. Novel control of S phase of the cell cycle by ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme H7. Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Jan;20(1):1-9. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E08-01-0036. Epub 2008 Oct, 22. PMID:18946090 doi:10.1091/mbc.E08-01-0036
36. ↑ David Y, Ziv T, Admon A, Navon A. The E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes direct polyubiquitination to preferred lysines. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jan 8. PMID:20061386 doi:M109.089003
37. ↑ Wenzel DM, Lissounov A, Brzovic PS, Klevit RE. UBCH7 reactivity profile reveals parkin and HHARI to be RING/HECT hybrids. Nature. 2011 Jun 2;474(7349):105-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09966. Epub 2011 May 1. PMID:21532592 doi:10.1038/nature09966
38. ↑ Huang F, Kirkpatrick D, Jiang X, Gygi S, Sorkin A. Differential regulation of EGF receptor internalization and degradation by multiubiquitination within the kinase domain. Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):737-48. PMID:16543144 doi:S1097-2765(06)00120-1
39. ↑ Komander D. The emerging complexity of protein ubiquitination. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):937-53. doi: 10.1042/BST0370937. PMID:19754430 doi:10.1042/BST0370937
40. ↑ Condos TE, Dunkerley KM, Freeman EA, Barber KR, Aguirre JD, Chaugule VK, Xiao Y, Konermann L, Walden H, Shaw GS. Synergistic recruitment of UbcH7~Ub and phosphorylated Ubl domain triggers parkin activation. EMBO J. 2018 Nov 16. pii: embj.2018100014. doi: 10.15252/embj.2018100014. PMID:30446597 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.2018100014