Botulinum neurotoxin

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== Relevance ==
== Relevance ==
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'''CBP type A''' is used by the cosmetics industry for smoothing wrinkles and is known commercially as Botox. It is used in the treatment of photophobia and Dry Eye<ref>PMID:29110944</ref> and in treatment of individulas with certain pain conditions including migraine<ref>PMID:26879873</ref>. In small quantities CBN can be used as muscle relaxant in cases of spasm and dystonia. '''CBP type E''' delivery to the hippocampus ia antiepileptogenic in models of epilepsy<ref>PMID:15728834</ref>.
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'''CBP type A''' is used by the cosmetics industry for smoothing wrinkles and is known commercially as Botox. It is used in the treatment of photophobia and Dry Eye<ref>PMID:29110944</ref> and in treatment of individuals with certain pain conditions including migraine<ref>PMID:26879873</ref>. In small quantities CBN can be used as muscle relaxant in cases of spasm and dystonia. '''CBP type E''' delivery to the hippocampus ia antiepileptogenic in models of epilepsy<ref>PMID:15728834</ref>.
== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==

Revision as of 11:05, 2 December 2018

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type A with cofactor Zn+2 (grey) (PDB code 3bta).

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

3D structures of botulinum neurotoxin

Updated on 02-December-2018


References

  1. ↑ Montecucco C, Molgo J. Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005 Jun;5(3):274-9. PMID:15907915 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.006
  2. ↑ Karalewitz AP, Fu Z, Baldwin MR, Kim JJ, Barbieri JT. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype C associates with dual ganglioside receptors to facilitate cell entry. J Biol Chem. 2012 Nov 23;287(48):40806-16. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.404244. Epub, 2012 Oct 1. PMID:23027864 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.404244
  3. ↑ Zhang S, Berntsson RP, Tepp WH, Tao L, Johnson EA, Stenmark P, Dong M. Structural basis for the unique ganglioside and cell membrane recognition mechanism of botulinum neurotoxin DC. Nat Commun. 2017 Nov 21;8(1):1637. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01534-z. PMID:29158482 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01534-z
  4. ↑ Zhang S, Masuyer G, Zhang J, Shen Y, Lundin D, Henriksson L, Miyashita SI, Martinez-Carranza M, Dong M, Stenmark P. Identification and characterization of a novel botulinum neurotoxin. Nat Commun. 2017 Aug 3;8:14130. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14130. PMID:28770820 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14130
  5. ↑ Diel RJ, Kroeger ZA, Levitt RC, Sarantopoulos C, Sered H, Martinez-Barrizonte J, Galor A. Botulinum Toxin A for the Treatment of Photophobia and Dry Eye. Ophthalmology. 2018 Jan;125(1):139-140. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.09.031. Epub, 2017 Oct 27. PMID:29110944 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.09.031
  6. ↑ Patil S, Willett O, Thompkins T, Hermann R, Ramanathan S, Cornett EM, Fox CJ, Kaye AD. Botulinum Toxin: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Roles in Pain States. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2016 Mar;20(3):15. doi: 10.1007/s11916-016-0545-0. PMID:26879873 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11916-016-0545-0
  7. ↑ Costantin L, Bozzi Y, Richichi C, Viegi A, Antonucci F, Funicello M, Gobbi M, Mennini T, Rossetto O, Montecucco C, Maffei L, Vezzani A, Caleo M. Antiepileptic effects of botulinum neurotoxin E. J Neurosci. 2005 Feb 23;25(8):1943-51. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4402-04.2005. PMID:15728834 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4402-04.2005
  8. ↑ Lacy DB, Tepp W, Cohen AC, DasGupta BR, Stevens RC. Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity. Nat Struct Biol. 1998 Oct;5(10):898-902. PMID:9783750 doi:10.1038/2338

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