| Structural highlights
Function
[POL_MPMV] Matrix protein p10: Matrix protein. Nucleocapsid protein p14: Nucleocapsid protein. Capsid protein p27: Capsid protein. Protease 17 kDa: The aspartyl protease mediates proteolytic cleavages of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins during or shortly after the release of the virion from the plasma membrane. Cleavages take place as an ordered, step-wise cascade to yield mature proteins. This process is called maturation. Displays maximal activity during the budding process just prior to particle release from the cell.[PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00275][1] Protease 13 kDa: The aspartyl protease mediates proteolytic cleavages of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins during or shortly after the release of the virion from the plasma membrane. Cleavages take place as an ordered, step-wise cascade to yield mature proteins. This process is called maturation. Displays maximal activity during the budding process just prior to particle release from the cell.[PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00275][2] G-patch peptide: Enhances the activity of the reverse transcriptase. May be part of the mature RT.[3] Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H: RT is a multifunctional enzyme that converts the viral dimeric RNA genome into dsDNA in the cytoplasm, shortly after virus entry into the cell. This enzyme displays a DNA polymerase activity that can copy either DNA or RNA templates, and a ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA-DNA heteroduplexes in a partially processive 3' to 5' endonucleasic mode. Conversion of viral genomic RNA into dsDNA requires many steps. A tRNA binds to the primer-binding site (PBS) situated at the 5' end of the viral RNA. RT uses the 3' end of the tRNA primer to perfom a short round of RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis. The reading proceeds through the U5 region and ends after the repeated (R) region which is present at both ends of viral RNA. The portion of the RNA-DNA heteroduplex is digested by the RNase H, resulting in a ssDNA product attached to the tRNA primer. This ssDNA/tRNA hybridizes with the identical R region situated at the 3' end of viral RNA. This template exchange, known as minus-strand DNA strong stop transfer, can be either intra- or intermolecular. RT uses the 3' end of this newly synthesized short ssDNA to perfom the RNA-dependent minus-strand DNA synthesis of the whole template. RNase H digests the RNA template except for a polypurine tract (PPT) situated at the 5' end of the genome. It is not clear if both polymerase and RNase H activities are simultaneous. RNase H probably can proceed both in a polymerase-dependent (RNA cut into small fragments by the same RT performing DNA synthesis) and a polymerase-independent mode (cleavage of remaining RNA fragments by free RTs). Secondly, RT performs DNA-directed plus-strand DNA synthesis using the PPT that has not been removed by RNase H as primers. PPT and tRNA primers are then removed by RNase H. The 3' and 5' ssDNA PBS regions hybridize to form a circular dsDNA intermediate. Strand displacement synthesis by RT to the PBS and PPT ends produces a blunt ended, linear dsDNA copy of the viral genome that includes long terminal repeats (LTRs) at both ends.[PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00405] Integrase: Catalyzes viral DNA integration into the host chromosome, by performing a series of DNA cutting and joining reactions.[4]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Retroviruses assemble and bud from infected cells in an immature form and require proteolytic maturation for infectivity. The CA (capsid) domains of the Gag polyproteins assemble a protein lattice as a truncated sphere in the immature virion. Proteolytic cleavage of Gag induces dramatic structural rearrangements; a subset of cleaved CA subsequently assembles into the mature core, whose architecture varies among retroviruses. Murine leukemia virus (MLV) is the prototypical gamma-retrovirus and serves as the basis of retroviral vectors, but the structure of the MLV CA layer is unknown. Here we have combined X-ray crystallography with cryoelectron tomography to determine the structures of immature and mature MLV CA layers within authentic viral particles. This reveals the structural changes associated with maturation, and, by comparison with HIV-1, uncovers conserved and variable features. In contrast to HIV-1, most MLV CA is used for assembly of the mature core, which adopts variable, multilayered morphologies and does not form a closed structure. Unlike in HIV-1, there is similarity between protein-protein interfaces in the immature MLV CA layer and those in the mature CA layer, and structural maturation of MLV could be achieved through domain rotations that largely maintain hexameric interactions. Nevertheless, the dramatic architectural change on maturation indicates that extensive disassembly and reassembly are required for mature core growth. The core morphology suggests that wrapping of the genome in CA sheets may be sufficient to protect the MLV ribonucleoprotein during cell entry.
Structure and architecture of immature and mature murine leukemia virus capsids.,Qu K, Glass B, Dolezal M, Schur FKM, Murciano B, Rein A, Rumlova M, Ruml T, Krausslich HG, Briggs JAG Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Nov 26. pii: 1811580115. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1811580115. PMID:30478053[5]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Zabransky A, Andreansky M, Hruskova-Heidingsfeldova O, Havlicek V, Hunter E, Ruml T, Pichova I. Three active forms of aspartic proteinase from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. Virology. 1998 Jun 5;245(2):250-6. PMID:9636364 doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9173
- ↑ Zabransky A, Andreansky M, Hruskova-Heidingsfeldova O, Havlicek V, Hunter E, Ruml T, Pichova I. Three active forms of aspartic proteinase from Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. Virology. 1998 Jun 5;245(2):250-6. PMID:9636364 doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9173
- ↑ Krizova I, Hadravova R, Stokrova J, Gunterova J, Dolezal M, Ruml T, Rumlova M, Pichova I. The G-patch domain of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus is a part of reverse transcriptase. J Virol. 2012 Feb;86(4):1988-98. doi: 10.1128/JVI.06638-11. Epub 2011 Dec 14. PMID:22171253 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06638-11
- ↑ Engelman AN, Cherepanov P. Retroviral intasomes arising. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2017 Dec;47:23-29. doi: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.04.005. Epub, 2017 Apr 28. PMID:28458055 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2017.04.005
- ↑ Qu K, Glass B, Dolezal M, Schur FKM, Murciano B, Rein A, Rumlova M, Ruml T, Krausslich HG, Briggs JAG. Structure and architecture of immature and mature murine leukemia virus capsids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Nov 26. pii: 1811580115. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1811580115. PMID:30478053 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811580115
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