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Function

Mhp1 is a transmembrane protein bellowing to the nucleobase-cation-symport-1 (NCS1) transporter family from Microbacterium liquefaciens. It allows the sodium dependent income of indolyl methyl- and benzyl-hydantoins (Figure 1) in the cell. Those are part of a salvage metabolic pathway leading to their conversion in amino acids.

2JLN is one of the conformations of Mhp1. It is the outward-facing conformation without substrate.

Figure 1 : Structure of benzyl-hydantoin

Relevance

Disease

Dysfunction of members of the transporters family in humans can lead to diseases including neurological and kidney disorders. Other members are implicated in cancer as they can supply tumor cells with nutrients, cause drug resistance and/or provide a means of treatment.

Structural highlights

Global structure

The protein is composed of one chain of 12 transmembrane alpha helices (TMs). They are organised in two repeating units connected by a 59-residue loop (TMs 1-5 and TMs 6-10) and two additional helices (TM 11 and 12). The two repeating units have a symmetrical topology (Figure 2).

Figure 2 : Structure of Mhp1 from Microbacterum liquefaciens

The central bundle is composed of TMs 1 and 2, twined to the TMs 6 and 7 respectively. In addition, the protein presents a V-shape structure formed by TMs 3 to 5, twined to TMs 8 to 10 (Figure 2).

The substrate- and cation-binding sites are located in the space between the central four-helix-bundle and the outer helix layer.

Structure of the substrate binding site

The substrate binding site is located at the break of the TMs 1 and 6. (Figure 2)

The substrate, the benzyl-hydantoin interacts with the amino acids of the binding site. The hydantoin group establisches pi-stacking interactions with the indole ring of Trp 117 and Trp 220 and hydrogen bonds with Asn 318 and Gln 121. The benzyl ring interacts with Trp 220 and Gln 42 (Figure 3).

Figure 3 : Substrate binding site

Structure of the cation binding site

Mhp1 is a sodium dependent protein. The sodium binds at the C-terminal end of TM1a and interacts with TM8 (Figure 2). The dipole moment at the C-terminus of TM1a contributes to the binding.

Experiments have shown that benzyl-hydantoin increases the affinity of sodium for Mhp1 and reciprocally sodium increases the affinity of benzyl-hydantoin for Mhp1. Therefore, the binding of the substrate and the cation are closely coupled.

Conformational states

Mhp1 exists in two conformational states depending if the substrate is bound or not: the substrate free structure (-BH), corresponding to the outward-facing open and the substrate bound structure (+BH), corresponding to the outward-facing occluded (Figure 4).

Figure 4: The conformational change upon the substrate binding

The binding of the substrate induces conformational changes of the protein allowing it uptake in the cell.

Figure 5 : Proposed substrate translocation mechanism by Mhp1

The binding of the substrate in the binding site leads to a switch from the outward-facing open state to the outward-facing occluded state. The TM10 arrangement changes (Figure 4.C) and closes the access to the “OUT” side space of the membrane (Figure 5.A).

Then, there is a change from the outward-facing occluded state to the inward-facing occluded state. (Figure 5.B) The substrate-binding site is occluded from the inside of the membrane. It seems that the movement involves the helix bundle of TMs 3 and 8. Moreover, researchers are working on the possibility of a coordinated shifting of TMs 1 and 6 shift with TMs 3 and 8.

Eventually, there is a switch from the inward-facing occluded state to the inward-facing open state. This allows the release of the substrate in the cytoplasm. However, the structures involved in the change still be unclear (Figure 5.C).

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