3r0l

Structural highlights

Function

[PA2BC_CRODU] Heterodimer CA-CB: Crotoxin is a potent presynaptic neurotoxin that possesses phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and exerts a lethal action by blocking neuromuscular transmission. It consists of a non-covalent association of a basic and weakly toxic PLA2 subunit (CBa2, CBb, CBc, or CBd), with a small acidic, non-enzymatic and non-toxic subunit (CA1, CA2, CA3 or CA4). The complex acts by binding to a specific 48-kDa protein (R48) receptor located on presynaptic membranes, forming a transient ternary complex CA-CB-R48, followed by dissociation of the CA-CB complex and release of the CA subunit. At equilibrium, only the CB subunits remain associated with the specific crotoxin receptor. In addition to neurotoxicity, crotoxin has been found to exert myotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiovascular toxicity (PubMed:20109480). Moreover, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor and analgesic effects of crotoxin have also been reported (PubMed:20109480).^[1] Monomer CBc: The basic subunit of crotoxin is a snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) that exhibits weak neurotoxicity (10-fold less than the heterodimer) and very strong anticoagulant effects by binding to factor Xa (F10) and inhibiting the prothrombinase activity (IC(50) is 0.7 nM) (PubMed:18062812). In addition, it shows the same effects described for the heterodimer and binds the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD1) of CFTR chloride channels and increases the channel current. PLA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides.^[2] [PA1A_CRODU] Heterodimer CA-CB: Crotoxin is a potent presynaptic neurotoxin that possesses phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and exerts a lethal action by blocking neuromuscular transmission. It consists of a non-covalent association of a basic and weakly toxic PLA2 subunit (CBa2, CBb, CBc, or CBd), with a small acidic, non-enzymatic and non-toxic subunit (CA1, CA2, CA3 or CA4). The complex acts by binding to a specific 48-kDa protein (R48/CAPT) receptor located on presynaptic membranes, forming a transient ternary complex CA-CB-R48, followed by dissociation of the CA-CB complex and release of the CA subunit (PubMed:12657321). At equilibrium, only the CB subunits remain associated with the specific crotoxin receptor. In addition to neurotoxicity, crotoxin has been found to exert myotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiovascular toxicity (PubMed:20109480). Moreover, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor and analgesic effects of crotoxin have also been reported (PubMed:20109480).^{[3] [4]} CAalpha-CAbeta-CAgamma: The acidic subunit of crotoxin (CA) is a heterotrimer of three disulfide-linked chains generated by post-translational maturation of a PLA2-like precursor. CA has no PLA2 activity and is not neurotoxic by itself, but plays several important functions in the crotoxin complex by increasing the lethal potency of the uncomplexed CB subunit. It acts by physically occluding the hydrophobic interfacial binding surface (IBS) of CB (PubMed:21787789 and PubMed:21787789). This effect decreases the adsorption of CB to phospholipid membranes, targeting the crotoxin complex to reach the specific presynaptic receptor (R48) at the neuromuscular junction. It also prevents the formation of the reactive CB dimer. Moreover, the CA subunit inhibits the catalytic activity by partially masking the catalytic site of CB (PubMed:21787789) and inhibits its anticoagulant activity.^[5] CAgamma: Crotalphine corresponds to the gamma chain of the acid subunit of crotoxin. It has been found in the venom as a monomer and is stabilized by one disulfide bond (Cys-131 and Cys-138) (PubMed:18495297). This peptide induces potent antinociceptive effects in neuropathic pain by acting at peripheral opioid receptors (OPRD1, OPRK1, OPRL1 or OPRM1) (PubMed:18703042).^{[6] [7]}

References

1. ↑ Sampaio SC, Hyslop S, Fontes MR, Prado-Franceschi J, Zambelli VO, Magro AJ, Brigatte P, Gutierrez VP, Cury Y. Crotoxin: novel activities for a classic beta-neurotoxin. Toxicon. 2010 Jun 1;55(6):1045-60. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.011. Epub 2010 , Jan 28. PMID:20109480 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.011
2. ↑ Faure G, Gowda VT, Maroun RC. Characterization of a human coagulation factor Xa-binding site on Viperidae snake venom phospholipases A2 by affinity binding studies and molecular bioinformatics. BMC Struct Biol. 2007 Dec 6;7:82. PMID:18062812 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6807-7-82
3. ↑ Faure G, Copic A, Le Porrier S, Gubensek F, Bon C, Krizaj I. Crotoxin acceptor protein isolated from Torpedo electric organ: binding properties to crotoxin by surface plasmon resonance. Toxicon. 2003 Mar;41(4):509-17. PMID:12657321
4. ↑ Sampaio SC, Hyslop S, Fontes MR, Prado-Franceschi J, Zambelli VO, Magro AJ, Brigatte P, Gutierrez VP, Cury Y. Crotoxin: novel activities for a classic beta-neurotoxin. Toxicon. 2010 Jun 1;55(6):1045-60. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.011. Epub 2010 , Jan 28. PMID:20109480 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.011
5. ↑ Faure G, Xu H, Saul FA. Crystal structure of crotoxin reveals key residues involved in the stability and toxicity of this potent heterodimeric beta-neurotoxin. J Mol Biol. 2011 Sep 16;412(2):176-91. Epub 2011 Jul 23. PMID:21787789 doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.07.027
6. ↑ Konno K, Picolo G, Gutierrez VP, Brigatte P, Zambelli VO, Camargo AC, Cury Y. Crotalphine, a novel potent analgesic peptide from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus. Peptides. 2008 Aug;29(8):1293-304. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.04.003. Epub 2008, May 20. PMID:18495297 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2008.04.003
7. ↑ Gutierrez VP, Konno K, Chacur M, Sampaio SC, Picolo G, Brigatte P, Zambelli VO, Cury Y. Crotalphine induces potent antinociception in neuropathic pain by acting at peripheral opioid receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Oct 10;594(1-3):84-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.07.053., Epub 2008 Jul 31. PMID:18703042 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.07.053
8. ↑ Faure G, Xu H, Saul FA. Crystal structure of crotoxin reveals key residues involved in the stability and toxicity of this potent heterodimeric beta-neurotoxin. J Mol Biol. 2011 Sep 16;412(2):176-91. Epub 2011 Jul 23. PMID:21787789 doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.07.027