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Introduction

Structure

Multicopper oxidases are enzymes which oxidise their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear copper centre.^[3]

Bilirubin oxidases are multicopper oxidases containing type 1, type 2, and type 3 coppers. Indeed, there is strong sequence homology between bilirubin oxidase and multicopper oxidases like laccase, ascorbate oxidase and even ceruloplasmin. Moreover, the His-Cys-His sequence, characteristic of multicopper oxidase, is present in bilirubin oxidase. Copper is essential for the enzyme activity.^[4]

Function

Applications

3. Biofuel cell

In the field of power generation, biofuel cells provide an alternative to fossil energy. So far biofuell cells that were developed required specific enzymes that degrade and transform substrates present in physiologic fluids such as glucose and O2. These biofuel cells were used for medical devices power supply.^[5] Now a new generation of biofuel cells use hydrogenase. Indeed, H2/O2 biofuel cells are designed based on two thermostable enzymes: an hyperthermophilic O2-tolerant hydrogenase for H2 oxidation and bilirubin oxidase for O2 reduction. ^[6] Both enzymes are immobilized on carbon nanofibers. This biofuel cell can deliver electricity over a wide range of températures and pH. Indeed, the thermostability of the enzymes allows the biofuel cell to work under extreme conditions, from 30 to 80°C.^[5] H2/O2 biofuel cells can be used as alternative power supply for small electronic devices in a sustainable manner. However, research is ongoing; one issue is the enzyme instability on long term.^[6]

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