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Interleukin-12
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To increase the production of IL-12 it can be done through priming or amplification. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> In priming, Il-12 would bind to the receptors on a ligand allowing it to move through the immune system faster. Amplification happens through a cytokine network where different cytokines get secreted through different cells. | To increase the production of IL-12 it can be done through priming or amplification. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> In priming, Il-12 would bind to the receptors on a ligand allowing it to move through the immune system faster. Amplification happens through a cytokine network where different cytokines get secreted through different cells. | ||
| - | IL-12 has many actions. One action is stimulating the growth and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. They also convert th0 cells into th1 cells by activating specific transcription factors. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> IL-12 also | + | IL-12 has many actions. One action is stimulating the growth and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. They also convert th0 cells into th1 cells by activating specific transcription factors. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> IL-12 also stimulates the production of <scene name='84/843022/Interferon/1'>interferon gamma</scene> which is another type of cytokine used in innate and adaptive immunity. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> Interferon gamma is secreted by T cells and natural killer cells; also it promotes macrophage activation, meaning it helps more macrophages to be activated so it can phagocytose bacteria, viruses, and fungi. <ref name="interferon">PMID:10688427</ref> IL-12 also helped to introduce IgG and suppress IgE from B cells. IgG is the most common antibody released from plasma B cells and has two antigen binding sites. IgE is an antibody that is produced when the immune system reacts to an allergen. All those actions that IL-12 performs help it with its anti-tumor effects. In animal studies, IL-12 has been useful in tumor therapy. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> Its effectiveness increases when used with other therapeutic models. |
| - | IL-12 is proinflammatory meaning it promotes inflammation which contributes | + | IL-12 is proinflammatory, meaning it promotes inflammation which contributes to developing th1 cells from th0 cells. <ref name="family">PMID:22814351</ref> It also participates in a positive feedback loop. IL-12 causes interferon gamma production from T cells that facilitates th1 differentiation. IL-12 also induced the production of interferon gamma by natural killer cells. <ref name="family" /> Interferon gamma can be a part of the positive feedback loop because transcription factors are activated. In a study done on mice, if specific transcription factors are not expressed, there can be a defect in one or both subunits of IL-12. <ref name="cytokines">PMID:19275692 </ref> |
== Diseases == | == Diseases == | ||
| - | If there is a deficiency in IL-12 then cell mediated immunity becomes impaired. <ref name="cytokines" /> That makes organisms more susceptible to diseases. If interleukin-12 is | + | If there is a deficiency in IL-12 then cell mediated immunity becomes impaired. <ref name="cytokines" /> That makes organisms more susceptible to diseases. If interleukin-12 is overexpressed, it could lead to persistent inflammation which is harmful for some autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis. <ref name="cytokines" /> It is harmful because it makes the immune system attack cells of the host more often. IL-12 can be protective or detrimental depending on the infection it is aiding in attacking. It can work with other cytokines to inhibit the infectivity of HIV in macrophages. <ref name="cytokines" /> With all the various functions IL-12 partakes in it could be helpful in immunotherapy for some infections. |
== IL-12 Family == | == IL-12 Family == | ||
| - | IL-12 is apart of the interleukin-12 family. The family consist of IL-12, <scene name='84/843022/Il-23/1'>IL-23</scene>, IL-27, and IL-35. <ref name="family" />They are all heterodimeric cytokines. They are structurally similar but | + | IL-12 is apart of the interleukin-12 family. The family consist of IL-12, <scene name='84/843022/Il-23/1'>IL-23</scene>, IL-27, and IL-35. <ref name="family" />They are all heterodimeric cytokines. They are structurally similar, but have very different biological activities. IL-23 also has two disulfide linked subunits. One subunit both IL-23 and IL-12 share is p40. <ref name="cytokines" /> IL-23's other subunit acts very similary to p35 in IL-12. That subunit is p19 and it does not secrete much when not in the presence of p40. <ref name="cytokines" /> |
== References == | == References == | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 18:03, 29 April 2020
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