| Structural highlights
Disease
[TRPA1_HUMAN] Familial episodic pain syndrome with predominantly upper body involvement. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Function
[TRPA1_HUMAN] Receptor-activated non-selective cation channel involved in detection of pain and possibly also in cold perception and inner ear function (PubMed:25389312, PubMed:25855297). Has a central role in the pain response to endogenous inflammatory mediators and to a diverse array of volatile irritants, such as mustard oil, cinnamaldehyde, garlic and acrolein, an irritant from tears gas and vehicule exhaust fumes (PubMed:25389312, PubMed:20547126). Is also activated by menthol (in vitro)(PubMed:25389312). Acts also as an ionotropic cannabinoid receptor by being activated by delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of marijuana (PubMed:25389312). May be a component for the mechanosensitive transduction channel of hair cells in inner ear, thereby participating in the perception of sounds. Probably operated by a phosphatidylinositol second messenger system (By similarity).[UniProtKB:Q8BLA8][1] [2] [3]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The transient receptor potential ion channel TRPA1 is expressed by primary afferent nerve fibres, in which it functions as a low-threshold sensor for structurally diverse electrophilic irritants, including small volatile environmental toxicants and endogenous algogenic lipids(1). TRPA1 is also a 'receptor-operated' channel whose activation downstream of metabotropic receptors elicits inflammatory pain or itch, making it an attractive target for novel analgesic therapies(2). However, the mechanisms by which TRPA1 recognizes and responds to electrophiles or cytoplasmic second messengers remain unknown. Here we use strutural studies and electrophysiology to show that electrophiles act through a two-step process in which modification of a highly reactive cysteine residue (C621) promotes reorientation of a cytoplasmic loop to enhance nucleophilicity and modification of a nearby cysteine (C665), thereby stabilizing the loop in an activating configuration. These actions modulate two restrictions controlling ion permeation, including widening of the selectivity filter to enhance calcium permeability and opening of a canonical gate at the cytoplasmic end of the pore. We propose a model to explain functional coupling between electrophile action and these control points. We also characterize a calcium-binding pocket that is highly conserved across TRP channel subtypes and accounts for all aspects of calcium-dependent TRPA1 regulation, including potentiation, desensitization and activation by metabotropic receptors. These findings provide a structural framework for understanding how a broad-spectrum irritant receptor is controlled by endogenous and exogenous agents that elicit or exacerbate pain and itch.
Irritant-evoked activation and calcium modulation of the TRPA1 receptor.,Zhao J, Lin King JV, Paulsen CE, Cheng Y, Julius D Nature. 2020 Jul 8. pii: 10.1038/s41586-020-2480-9. doi:, 10.1038/s41586-020-2480-9. PMID:32641835[4]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Kremeyer B, Lopera F, Cox JJ, Momin A, Rugiero F, Marsh S, Woods CG, Jones NG, Paterson KJ, Fricker FR, Villegas A, Acosta N, Pineda-Trujillo NG, Ramirez JD, Zea J, Burley MW, Bedoya G, Bennett DL, Wood JN, Ruiz-Linares A. A gain-of-function mutation in TRPA1 causes familial episodic pain syndrome. Neuron. 2010 Jun 10;66(5):671-80. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.030. PMID:20547126 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.030
- ↑ Moparthi L, Survery S, Kreir M, Simonsen C, Kjellbom P, Hogestatt ED, Johanson U, Zygmunt PM. Human TRPA1 is intrinsically cold- and chemosensitive with and without its N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Nov 25;111(47):16901-6. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1412689111. Epub 2014 Nov 11. PMID:25389312 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412689111
- ↑ Paulsen CE, Armache JP, Gao Y, Cheng Y, Julius D. Structure of the TRPA1 ion channel suggests regulatory mechanisms. Nature. 2015 Apr 8. doi: 10.1038/nature14367. PMID:25855297 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14367
- ↑ Zhao J, Lin King JV, Paulsen CE, Cheng Y, Julius D. Irritant-evoked activation and calcium modulation of the TRPA1 receptor. Nature. 2020 Jul 8. pii: 10.1038/s41586-020-2480-9. doi:, 10.1038/s41586-020-2480-9. PMID:32641835 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2480-9
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