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Apolipoprotein A-1 is found to be as an indicator for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Since APOA1 is a component of HDL associated with good form of cholesterol, when ABOAB (apolipoprotein B) a component of LDL, a form of bad cholesterol levels are elevated in blood can signal as a risk factor for development in hardening of arterial walls and blockage. <ref> Test ID: APOAB Apolipoprotein A1 and B, Serum. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2020, from Test ID: APOAB Apolipoprotein A1 and B, Serum. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2020, from Test ID: APOAB Apolipoprotein A1 and B, Serum</ref> High-density lipoprotein complex is important in the clearing of fats through absorption of cholesterol that is transported into the liver where it is synthesized into bile salts or excreted.<ref> LDL & HDL: Good & Bad Cholesterol. (2020, January 31). Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/ldl_hdl.htm</ref><ref>Cohen, D. (2008, April). Balancing cholesterol synthesis and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2390860/</ref> | Apolipoprotein A-1 is found to be as an indicator for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Since APOA1 is a component of HDL associated with good form of cholesterol, when ABOAB (apolipoprotein B) a component of LDL, a form of bad cholesterol levels are elevated in blood can signal as a risk factor for development in hardening of arterial walls and blockage. <ref> Test ID: APOAB Apolipoprotein A1 and B, Serum. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2020, from Test ID: APOAB Apolipoprotein A1 and B, Serum. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2020, from Test ID: APOAB Apolipoprotein A1 and B, Serum</ref> High-density lipoprotein complex is important in the clearing of fats through absorption of cholesterol that is transported into the liver where it is synthesized into bile salts or excreted.<ref> LDL & HDL: Good & Bad Cholesterol. (2020, January 31). Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/ldl_hdl.htm</ref><ref>Cohen, D. (2008, April). Balancing cholesterol synthesis and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2390860/</ref> | ||
| - | '''Apolipoprotein A-I(Milano)''' is a mutant form of apolipoprotein A-I associated in reducing coronary artery disease to those genetically predisposition. <ref>CR;, C. (n.d.). Apolipoprotein A-I(Milano): Current perspectives. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12642784/</ref> Mutation Milano was first discovered in from a patient in Limone sul Garda, Northern Italy or alarming elevated triglycerides and low HDL with no signs of atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease. Mutation occurs at 173 residue of <scene name='75/752268/Milano/1'>arginine</scene> replaced with cysteine. <ref>Lowe, D. (2016, November 16). The Long Saga of Apo-A1 Milano. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2016/11/16/the-long-saga-of-apo-a1-milano</ref> | + | '''Apolipoprotein A-I (Milano)''' is a mutant form of apolipoprotein A-I associated in reducing coronary artery disease to those genetically predisposition. <ref>CR;, C. (n.d.). Apolipoprotein A-I(Milano): Current perspectives. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12642784/</ref> Mutation Milano was first discovered in from a patient in Limone sul Garda, Northern Italy or alarming elevated triglycerides and low HDL with no signs of atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease. Mutation occurs at 173 residue of <scene name='75/752268/Milano/1'>arginine</scene> replaced with cysteine. <ref>Lowe, D. (2016, November 16). The Long Saga of Apo-A1 Milano. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2016/11/16/the-long-saga-of-apo-a1-milano</ref> |
== Diseases == | == Diseases == | ||
== Structural highlights == | == Structural highlights == | ||
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| + | Apolipoprotein a-1 (apoA-I) is a fairly small molecule that consists of a total of 243 residues and is 29-kD polypeptide in size. | ||
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| + | Apolipoprotein a-1 in the monomer form truncated (lacking 1-43 residues) consists of unique pseudo-continuous alpha helix highlighted by kinks at <scene name='75/752268/Truncated/3'>Pro residues</scene>, spaced approximately every 22 residues. | ||
Revision as of 21:47, 14 November 2020
Apolipoprotein A-I
Structure
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References
1. Voet, D., Voet, J. G., & Pratt, C. W. (2016). Fundamentals of Biochemistry (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.- ↑ Voet, D., Voet, J. G., & Pratt, C. W. (2016). Fundamentals of Biochemistry (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- ↑ APOA1 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics. (2020, August 18). Retrieved October 26, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/apoa1/
- ↑ Yano, K., Ohkawa, R., Sato, M., Yoshimoto, A., Ichimura, N., Kameda, T., . . . Tozuka, M. (2016, November 09). Cholesterol Efflux Capacity of Apolipoprotein A-I Varies with the Extent of Differentiation and Foam Cell Formation of THP-1 Cells. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jl/2016/9891316/
- ↑ Test ID: APOAB Apolipoprotein A1 and B, Serum. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2020, from Test ID: APOAB Apolipoprotein A1 and B, Serum. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2020, from Test ID: APOAB Apolipoprotein A1 and B, Serum
- ↑ LDL & HDL: Good & Bad Cholesterol. (2020, January 31). Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/ldl_hdl.htm
- ↑ Cohen, D. (2008, April). Balancing cholesterol synthesis and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2390860/
- ↑ CR;, C. (n.d.). Apolipoprotein A-I(Milano): Current perspectives. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12642784/
- ↑ Lowe, D. (2016, November 16). The Long Saga of Apo-A1 Milano. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2016/11/16/the-long-saga-of-apo-a1-milano
2. APOA1 gene: MedlinePlus Genetics. (2020, August 18). Retrieved October 26, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/apoa1/
3. Mangaraj, M., Nanda, R., & Panda, S. (2016, July). Apolipoprotein A-I: A Molecule of Diverse Function. Retrieved November 04, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4910842
4. Yano, K., Ohkawa, R., Sato, M., Yoshimoto, A., Ichimura, N., Kameda, T., . . . Tozuka, M. (2016, November 09). Cholesterol Efflux Capacity of Apolipoprotein A-I Varies with the Extent of Differentiation and Foam Cell Formation of THP-1 Cells. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jl/2016/9891316/
5. Test ID: APOAB Apolipoprotein A1 and B, Serum. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2020, from Test ID: APOAB Apolipoprotein A1 and B, Serum. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2020, from Test ID: APOAB Apolipoprotein A1 and B, Serum
6. LDL & HDL: Good & Bad Cholesterol. (2020, January 31). Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/ldl_hdl.htm
7. Cohen, D. (2008, April). Balancing cholesterol synthesis and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2390860/
8. CR;, C. (n.d.). Apolipoprotein A-I(Milano): Current perspectives. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12642784/
9. Lowe, D. (2016, November 16). The Long Saga of Apo-A1 Milano. Retrieved November 14, 2020, from https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2016/11/16/the-long-saga-of-apo-a1-milano
