Journal:Protein Science:3

Torpedo californica acethylcholinesterase is stabilized by binding of a divalent metal ion to a novel and versatile 4D motif

Israel Silman, Valery L. Shnyrov, Yacov Ashani, Esther Roth, Anne Nicolas, Joel L Sussman, and Lev Weiner ^[1]

Molecular Tour
Metal ions are often involved in catalytic functions in proteins, but may also serve to stabilize them. Thus, Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase (TcAChE) is strongly stabilized against thermal denaturation by the divalent cations, Mg⁺², Mn⁺², and Ca⁺². Solution of the crystal structures of the complexes of TcAChE with Mg⁺² and Ca⁺². revealed that stabilization is achieved by binding of the divalent metal ions to a cluster of carboxylate groups of four aspartates that has been called a ₄D motif. The complex contains, in addition, several water molecules, and while the metal ions bind directly to two of the Asp carboxylates, they bind to the other two indirectly, via waters.

The ₄D motif is a novel motif, which has not been described before. The ASSAM server, http://27.126.156.175/assam, which identifies structural motifs in proteins, revealed that many other proteins contain the ₄D motif, and in a substantial percentage of them solution of their crystal structures reveals one of the three metal ions referred to above, or also Zn⁺². Whereas in TcAChE the ₄D motif contains a single divalent ion, together with the waters, in some such complexes two or three metal ions are seen. The ₄D motif is thus a versatile motif with respect to the number of ions and waters that it contains.

₄D motif in TcAChE:

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The 4 Asp residues, D326, D389, D392 and D393, are shown as sticks, with carbons in green, oxygens in red, and nitrogens in blue. Solvent waters are shown as blue spheres, and the metal ions as magenta spheres, with their sizes proportionate to their Van der Waals radii; the oxygens of the uranyl moiety are shown as red spheres. Non-covalent hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds are shown as dashed white lines.

. Ribbon diagram of the Mg₊₂/TcAChE complex. The representation shows the entire structure, with the first sub-domain, residues 4-305 in cyan, and the second, residues 306-535, in red. It is oriented looking into the active-site gorge, with W279, in the peripheral anionic site (PAS), at the top of the gorge, and W84, in the catalytic anionic site (CAS) towards the back, adjacent to the catalytic triad, S200-E327-H440. All these residues are depicted as sticks. The long α-helix, N383-K413, against which the D4 pocket is glued, is in magenta, and the two helices that contribute to the 4-helix bundle of the dimer, D365-Y375 and V518-T535, are in yellow. The Mg⁺² in the ₄D pocket is in blue, and is surrounded by 4 waters in grey. A conserved water H-bonds with D326, of the ₄D motif, with E327 and H440, in the catalytic triad, and with the main-chain nitrogen of F330, which, in turn, contributes to the CAS. This water which is homologous to water 623 in Koellner et al^[2], is shown as an orange sphere. , showing the interactions of the active site, the D4 pocket, and the conserved water, shown as an orange sphere.

Fig. 7. Sequence alignments of residues 320-400 in several AChEs and in hBChE. The numbering used is that of TcAChE. Fully conserved residues are in white on a red background. The columns for the four residues corresponding to the ₄D motif in TcAChE and zebrafish acetylcholinesterase are framed in green, and it can be seen that the motif is conserved only in these three AChEs. TcAChE, Torpedo californica AChE; TmAChE, Torpedo marmorata AChE; EeAChE, Electrophorus electricus AChE; DrAChE, Danio rerio AChE; BfAChE, Bungarus fasciatus AChE; HuAChE, human AChE; BoAChE, bovine AChE; MoAChE, mouse AChE; HdAChE, designed HuAChE, D4 variant^[3]; HuBChE, human BChE; AgAChE, Anopheles gambiae AChE; DmAChE, Drosophila melanogaster AChE.

Pocket in BfAChE that is homologous to the ₄D pocket in TcAChE:

• Crystal structure^[4] (PDB code 4qww), .
• Overlay of the BfAChE pocket (yellow sticks) on the TcAChE pocket (green sticks) with the distal oxygens displayed as red and green balls, respectively.

References

1. ↑ REF
2. ↑ Koellner G, Kryger G, Millard CB, Silman I, Sussman JL, Steiner T. Active-site gorge and buried water molecules in crystal structures of acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo californica. J Mol Biol. 2000 Feb 18;296(2):713-35. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3468. PMID:10669619 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1999.3468
3. ↑ Goldenzweig A, Goldsmith M, Hill SE, Gertman O, Laurino P, Ashani Y, Dym O, Unger T, Albeck S, Prilusky J, Lieberman RL, Aharoni A, Silman I, Sussman JL, Tawfik DS, Fleishman SJ. Automated Structure- and Sequence-Based Design of Proteins for High Bacterial Expression and Stability. Mol Cell. 2016 Jul 21;63(2):337-346. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.06.012. Epub 2016, Jul 14. PMID:27425410 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2016.06.012
4. ↑ Bourne Y, Renault L, Marchot P. Crystal Structure of Snake Venom Acetylcholinesterase in Complex with Inhibitory Antibody Fragment Fab410 bound at the Peripheral Site: Evidence for Open and Closed States of a Backdoor Channel. J Biol Chem. 2014 Nov 19. pii: jbc.M114.603902. PMID:25411244 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.603902