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Signaling Pathways:
ABA Signaling Pathway
Protein Kinases:
Tyrosine kinase
- Receptor tyrosine kinases
- Tyrosine kinase
- Janus kinase or tyrosine-protein kinase JAK (JAK) are nonreceptor tyrosine kinases which transduces cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. The JAK-STAT pathway transmits signals through the cell membrane to DNA promoters thus causing transcription.
Protein kinase C
MAPK
CAMP-dependent protein kinase
Chemotaxis:
Mechanotransduction:
Thermoception
Transient receptor potential channels
Voltage-gated channels
Visual phototransduction
Light is detected by rhodopsin in rod and cone cells.
Photoreceptor pigments
Circadian clock
Protein phosphatases:
Second messengers
cAMP
CAMP-dependent protein kinase
IP3
Receptors that activate this pathway (Phospholipase C) are mainly G protein-coupled receptors coupled to the Gαq subunit, including:
- 5-HT2 serotonergic receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor#Structural highlights/Specific Function of 5-HT2B).
- α1 adrenergic receptors
- Calcitonin receptors
- Histamine H1 receptor. The H1 receptor is a histamine receptor belonging to the family of rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors. The H1 receptor is linked to an intracellular G-protein (Gq) that activates phospholipase C and the inositol triphosphate signaling pathway. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor that is coupled to a Gq heterotrimeric G protein, the α-subunit of Gq can bind to and induce activity in the PLC isozyme PLC-β, which results in the cleavage of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG.
- Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 belong to group I and activate phospholipase C. For details see Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5.
- M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) contain 5 subtypes M1-M5. Subtypes M1, M3, M5 activate phospholipase C which leads to activation of protein kinase C.
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor
Paracrine signaling: fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily
Fibroblast growth factor and Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). FGFR belongs to Receptor tyrosine kinases, class V.
Sonic Hedgehog
Ca2+ signalling processes
Signal transducing adaptor proteins (STAPs)
GTPase
The Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade
MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines. They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis.
