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Signal transduction

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 H+/K+-ATPase signal pathway (acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin) activates the pump in order to move the vesicles toward the lumen.
+*[[Esomeprazole and H+/K+ - ATPase Interaction]]
 '''Signal transducing adaptor proteins (STAPs)'''

Revision as of 13:51, 10 October 2021

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Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor, PDB code 2bg9

Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly

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Under development!

Ligand
Types of ligands
Hormones and their receptors
Hormone
Growth factors
Neurotransmitters
Receptor
Ion channels
Chemical communication in arthropods
Proton Channels
Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (Nos1) is functioning in cell signaling and communication - a vital part of the nervous tissue.
Chloride Ion Channel
Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 2
Ivermectin bound to Glu gated chloride channel
Membrane Channels & Pumps
Ryanodine receptor

Signaling Pathways:

ABA Signaling Pathway

ABA Signaling Pathway
PYR/PYL/RCAR family of ABA receptors
Protein Phosphatase 2C
ABA-regulated SNRK2 Protein Kinase

Protein Kinases:

Calcium-dependent protein kinase
Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
Eukaryotic Protein Kinase Catalytic Domain
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase

Tyrosine kinase

Receptor tyrosine kinases
Tyrosine kinase
Janus kinase or tyrosine-protein kinase JAK (JAK) are nonreceptor tyrosine kinases which transduces cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. The JAK-STAT pathway transmits signals through the cell membrane to DNA promoters thus causing transcription.

Protein kinase C

Protein kinase C
The sensitization of TRPV1 is thought to be connected to phosphorylation by protein kinase C and the cleavage of PIP2.

MAPK

Mitogen-activated protein kinase
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase
Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2
p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2)

CAMP-dependent protein kinase

CAMP-dependent protein kinase
CAMP Dependent Protein Kinase, Catalytic Subunit
Protein Kinase A

Chemotaxis:

Chemotaxis protein, Histidine Kinase (HK) CheA relays signals from the transmembrane chemoreceptors (methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins/MCPs) to regulate bacterial chemotaxis.
Molecular Playground/Cytoplasmic domain of chemoreceptor of Thermotoga maritima
Molecular Playground/Bacterial Chemotaxis Receptors
Molecular Playground/cytoplasmic domain of a serine chemotaxis receptor
Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein

Mechanotransduction:

Fibronectin, Laminin, and Collagen can bind to receptors (integrins).
CD44 is a glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions. CD44 is a receptor of hyaluronic acid (HA).
Mechanosensitive channels are involved in touch, hearing, and in maintaining osmotic balance.

Thermoception

Heat Shock Proteins

Transient receptor potential channels

Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1 (TRPV1)

Voltage-gated channels

Voltage-gated calcium channels
Voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.1 complex
Potassium Channel
Potassium channel toxin

Visual phototransduction

Light is detected by rhodopsin in rod and cone cells.

Rhodopsin#Visual Signal Transduction
Rhodopsin Structure and Function

Photoreceptor pigments

Retinal (in rhodopsin). Rhodopsin#Retinal Chromophore of Rhodopsin and Rhodopsin#Photoisomerization of 11-cis Retinal.
Flavin (in cryptochrome). Cryptochrome 4 and JMS/cryptochrome.

Circadian clock

Circadian clock protein
Circadian Clock Protein KaiC
Period circadian protein

Protein phosphatases:

Protein Phosphatase 2C
ABA-regulated Protein Phosphatase 2C

Second messengers

cAMP

Adenylyl cyclase (ADCY, EC number 4.6.1.1), also known as adenylate cyclase, is an enzyme which catalyzes the cyclization of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
Catabolite gene activator protein

CAMP-dependent protein kinase

CAMP-dependent protein kinase
CAMP Dependent Protein Kinase, Catalytic Subunit
Protein Kinase A

IP3

Phospholipase C and PLC beta 3 Gq

Receptors that activate this pathway (Phospholipase C) are mainly G protein-coupled receptors coupled to the Gαq subunit, including:

5-HT2 serotonergic receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor#Structural highlights/Specific Function of 5-HT2B).
α1 adrenergic receptors
Calcitonin receptors
Histamine H1 receptor. The H1 receptor is a histamine receptor belonging to the family of rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors. The H1 receptor is linked to an intracellular G-protein (Gq) that activates phospholipase C and the inositol triphosphate signaling pathway. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor that is coupled to a Gq heterotrimeric G protein, the α-subunit of Gq can bind to and induce activity in the PLC isozyme PLC-β, which results in the cleavage of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 belong to group I and activate phospholipase C. For details see Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5.
M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) contain 5 subtypes M1-M5. Subtypes M1, M3, M5 activate phospholipase C which leads to activation of protein kinase C.
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor

Paracrine signaling: fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily

Fibroblast growth factor and Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). FGFR belongs to Receptor tyrosine kinases, class V.

Sonic Hedgehog

Sonic Hedgehog
Protein patched homolog 1 (Ptch1) acts as receptor of Sonic Hedgehog protein (Shh) which is involved in formation of embryonic structures.

Ca2+ signalling processes

Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor
Calcium-dependent protein kinase
Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
Protein kinase C

H+/K+-ATPase signal pathway (acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin) activates the pump in order to move the vesicles toward the lumen.

Esomeprazole and H+/K+ - ATPase Interaction

Signal transducing adaptor proteins (STAPs)

GRB, Growth factor receptor-bound protein and Grb10 SH2 Domain.
MyD88, TIR domain-containing adapter protein.

GTPase

GTPase HRas.

The Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines. They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis.