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<scene name='90/905627/Inactive_mglu2/1'>Inactive mGlu2</scene> | <scene name='90/905627/Inactive_mglu2/1'>Inactive mGlu2</scene> | ||
Within the central nervous system (CNS), various receptors exist to detect extracellular molecules and thus communicate intracellularly. Found in eukaryotes and known for its seven transmembrane helices, one type of receptor is the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu), a Class C GPCR, is an essential receptor utilized in glutamate signaling. Eight different mGlu subtypes exist which are divided into three groups (I, II, III). While each mGlu has a slightly different function and location, the structures of the different mGlu subtypes are very similar (Table1). For each group, binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate to the mGlu introduces a conformational change that can activate a G protein. | Within the central nervous system (CNS), various receptors exist to detect extracellular molecules and thus communicate intracellularly. Found in eukaryotes and known for its seven transmembrane helices, one type of receptor is the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu), a Class C GPCR, is an essential receptor utilized in glutamate signaling. Eight different mGlu subtypes exist which are divided into three groups (I, II, III). While each mGlu has a slightly different function and location, the structures of the different mGlu subtypes are very similar (Table1). For each group, binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate to the mGlu introduces a conformational change that can activate a G protein. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| + | |- style="text-align:left;" | ||
| + | ! Group | ||
| + | ! mGlu Type | ||
| + | ! style="text-align:center;" | Location | ||
| + | ! style="text-align:center;" | Function | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | I | ||
| + | | mGlu1<br />mGlu5 | ||
| + | | Postsynaptic neurons | ||
| + | | Activates calcium channels<br />Excites adenylyl cyclase | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | II | ||
| + | | mGlu2<br />mGlu3 | ||
| + | | Presynaptic neurons | ||
| + | | Activates potassium channels<br />Inhibits calcium channels<br />Inhibits adenylyl cyclase | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | III | ||
| + | | mGlu4<br />mGlu6<br />mGlu7<br />mGlu8 | ||
| + | | Presynaptic neurons | ||
| + | | Activates potassium channels<br />Inhibits calcium channels<br />Inhibits adenylyl cyclase | ||
| + | |} | ||
Glutamate is an acidic, polar amino acid and is the main agonist involved in this transformation. (picture) This agonist binds to the extracellular portion of the protein allowing the homodimer to change conformationally. This change allows for a signaling cascade within the cell that can ultimately lead to the modification of other proteins and a difference in the synapse’s excitability. However, in mGlu, the binding affinity of glutamate is determined by either a positive (PAM) or negative (NAM) allosteric modulator. | Glutamate is an acidic, polar amino acid and is the main agonist involved in this transformation. (picture) This agonist binds to the extracellular portion of the protein allowing the homodimer to change conformationally. This change allows for a signaling cascade within the cell that can ultimately lead to the modification of other proteins and a difference in the synapse’s excitability. However, in mGlu, the binding affinity of glutamate is determined by either a positive (PAM) or negative (NAM) allosteric modulator. | ||
Revision as of 19:45, 25 March 2022
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ransey E, Paredes E, Dey SK, Das SR, Heroux A, Macbeth MR. Crystal structure of the Entamoeba histolytica RNA lariat debranching enzyme EhDbr1 reveals a catalytic Zn(2+) /Mn(2+) heterobinucleation. FEBS Lett. 2017 Jul;591(13):2003-2010. doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.12677. Epub 2017, Jun 14. PMID:28504306 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.12677
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Seven AB, Barros-Alvarez X, de Lapeyriere M, Papasergi-Scott MM, Robertson MJ, Zhang C, Nwokonko RM, Gao Y, Meyerowitz JG, Rocher JP, Schelshorn D, Kobilka BK, Mathiesen JM, Skiniotis G. G-protein activation by a metabotropic glutamate receptor. Nature. 2021 Jun 30. pii: 10.1038/s41586-021-03680-3. doi:, 10.1038/s41586-021-03680-3. PMID:34194039 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03680-3
Student Contributors
- Courtney Vennekotter
- Cade Chezem
