Second messengers
From Proteopedia
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<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' scene='Adenylyl_cyclase/Cv/10' caption='Structure of dog adenylyl cyclase 5 (grey), rat adenylyl cyclase 2 (green), bovine guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit α (pink) complex with ADP derivative (stick model), GDP derivative (stick model), methylpiperazinoforskolin, Ca+2, Mg+2 and Cl- ions (PDB code [[3maa]]). '> | <StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' scene='Adenylyl_cyclase/Cv/10' caption='Structure of dog adenylyl cyclase 5 (grey), rat adenylyl cyclase 2 (green), bovine guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit α (pink) complex with ADP derivative (stick model), GDP derivative (stick model), methylpiperazinoforskolin, Ca+2, Mg+2 and Cl- ions (PDB code [[3maa]]). '> | ||
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules - the first messengers. | Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules - the first messengers. | ||
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| + | ''[[cAMP is second messenger]]'' | ||
| + | *[[Adenylyl cyclase]] (ADCY, EC number 4.6.1.1), also known as adenylate cyclase, is an enzyme which catalyzes the cyclization of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). | ||
| + | *[[Catabolite gene activator protein]] | ||
| + | ''CAMP-dependent protein kinase'' | ||
| + | *[[CAMP-dependent protein kinase]] | ||
| + | *[[CAMP Dependent Protein Kinase, Catalytic Subunit]] | ||
| + | *[[Protein Kinase A]] | ||
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| + | ''[[IP3 is second messenger]]'' | ||
| + | *[[Phospholipase C]] and [[PLC beta 3 Gq]] | ||
| + | Receptors that activate this pathway (Phospholipase C) are mainly [[G protein-coupled receptors]] coupled to the Gαq subunit, including: | ||
| + | *5-HT2 serotonergic receptors ([[5-hydroxytryptamine receptor#Structural highlights/Specific Function of 5-HT2B]]). | ||
| + | *α1 adrenergic receptors | ||
| + | *Calcitonin receptors | ||
| + | *[[Histamine H1 receptor]]. The H1 receptor is a histamine receptor belonging to the family of rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors. The H1 receptor is linked to an intracellular G-protein (Gq) that activates phospholipase C and the inositol triphosphate signaling pathway. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor that is coupled to a Gq heterotrimeric G protein, the α-subunit of Gq can bind to and induce activity in the PLC isozyme PLC-β, which results in the cleavage of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG. | ||
| + | *Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 belong to group I and activate phospholipase C. For details see [[Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5]]. | ||
| + | *M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors. [[Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors]] (mAChR) contain 5 subtypes M1-M5. Subtypes M1, M3, M5 activate phospholipase C which leads to activation of protein kinase C. | ||
| + | *[[Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor]] | ||
</StructureSection> | </StructureSection> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
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