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Cas9 Overview

CRISPR is a bacterial immune response to bacteriophages to prevent subsequent infections and is a form of acquired immunity. Within the CRISPR system, Cas9 is a protein responsible for cutting the viral DNA rendering it inert. structure in Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9) utilizes a single stranded guide RNA (sgRNA) to bind the target DNA that will be cut. Cas9 utalizes the sgRNA as an RNA guide to cut the target DNA sequence and binds complimentary to target DNA so Cas9 create a double stranded DNA break in the proper location. The target DNA must also have a PAM sequence to bind to Cas9 to be cut. The PAM sequence acts as a two factor authentication in junction with the sgRNA that tells the Cas9 to cut this portion of DNA. The main domains in the are the REC lobe (residues 41–425) and NUC lobe (residues 1–40 and 435–1053). These lobes are connected by an arginine rich bridge helix (residues 41–73) and a linker loop (residues 426–434). The NUC lobe contains RuvC, HNH, WEB, and PI domains <refname="SA Cas9">PMID:26317473</ref>. The REC lobe is responsible for recognizing the nucleic acids present causing a conformational change in the HNH locking the HNH into the cleavage site ^[1]. The RuvC nuclease domain (Scene of domain)(residues 1–40, 435–480 and 650–774) cleaves the strand of target DNA that is not bound complimentary to the sgRNA ^[2]. The HNH domain (scene of domain) (residues 520–628) cleaves the target strand of DNA bound to the sgRNA ^[3]. The WEB domain (Scene of domain) (residues 788–909) is responsible for recognizing the sgRNA scaffold and consists of twisted five-stranded beta sheet flanked by four alpha helices ^[4]. The PI domain (scene of domain) (residues 910–1053) recognizes the PAM sequence on the target DNA that is not complimentary to the sgRNA ^[5]. There are also two linker domains (scene of domain), L1 (residues 481–519) and L2 (residues 629–649), that connect the RuvC and HNH ^[6]. Furthermore, there is a phosphate lock loop (scene of loop) (residues 775–787) that connect the WEB and RuvC domains. Cas9 has four main mechanisms that are important for successful cleavage including recognition of the sgRNA-target heteroduplex, recognition of the PAM sequence, recognition of the sgRNA scaffold, and endonuclease activity by HNH and RuvC.

Recognition of the sgRNA-target heteroduplex

The recognition of the sgRNA-target heteroduplex in Cas9 begins by inserting itself into the central channel between the REC and NUC lobes (Scene). A heteroduplex is a the binding of the complimentary strands of the sgRNA and target DNA. The REC lobe interacts with the seed region of the sgRNA (C13-C20) as well as the PAM distal region (A3-U6) through the phosphate backbone. The seed region is in the A-form confirmation so it can bind the target DNA. The target DNA binds to the REC loop and RuvC domain for the proper conformation for base paring between the target DNA and sgRNA ^[6].

Recognition of the PAM sequence

For the recognition of the PAM sequence, the target DNA with the PAM sequence (5’-NNGRRN-3’) is bound to SaCas9 through bidentate hydrogen bonds (scene of bonds) as well as direct and water mediated hydrogen bonds through the major groove in the PI domain. The WED domain recognizes the minor groove phosphate backbone of the duplex ^[6].

Recognition of the sgRNA scaffold

The SaCas9 recognizes the sgRNA scaffold within the REC and WED domains (scene). The WED domain contains five stranded beta sheets flanked with four alpha helices to allow binding of the repeat:anti-repeat duplex. REC lob binds the scaffold and secures it into the SaCas9 ^[6].

Endonuclease Activity of Cas9

Finally, RuvC and HNH are in endonuclease activity (Scene). RuvC uses a two-metal ion mechanism of manganese to cleave the non-target DNA and causes a conformational change in L1. This conformational change leads to the phosphate group of the target strand to be cleaved by HNH. HNH includes a beta beta alpha metal fold and uses a one metal ion mechanism to cleave the target DNA ^[6].