Sandbox Reserved 1740

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Revision as of 08:17, 9 December 2022

This Sandbox is Reserved from August 30, 2022 through May 31, 2023 for use in the course Biochemistry I taught by Kimberly Lane at the Radford University, Radford, VA, USA. This reservation includes Sandbox Reserved 1730 through Sandbox Reserved 1749.

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Cellulose Synthase

^[1]  ^[2]

Function

Cellulose synthase has two main jobs. The first of these two being the synthesis or creation of the polysaccharide cellulose ^[3] and the second job of cellulose synthase is to create the crystalline microfibril structure ^[4]. Cellulose synthase uses an activated form of glucose, with the sugar attached to a nucleotide, to build cellulose. Cellulose is one of the main components in the cell wall and is responsible for protecting the cell from unwarranted pathogens that might try and harm the cell ^[5]. Cellulose is also important in strengthening cell walls and preventing breakage due to physical forces. The overall shape and form of the cell, as well as the containment of water within the cell.

Relevance

Why is cellulose synthase so important? Cellulose synthase is an enzyme that helps form the structure of cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer that is composed of many other homopolymers ^[6]. Cellulose has many important jobs within a cell that without cellulose the cell could not function. Things like the formation of the cell wall which is vital to the life of a plant cell are all dependent on the synthesis of cellulose ^[7]. Cellulose is water insoluble because of the inter and intra hydrogen bonding that occurs within the cell, this is relevant because cellulose is constantly in contact with water within the cell.

Structural highlights

The primary structure of cellulose sythase is a long chain of glucose units ^[8]. It is attached through Beta(1,4) linkages which appear to be like a sheet ^[9]. These features can all be seen in the rotating figure above. Beta linkages form , 6 stranded beta sheets to be exact along with the beta sheets there can be found the 5 . These chains form hydrogen bonds with each other forming microfibrils helping to create the overall strength and stability of cellulose ^[10]. Though much research has been done, the tertiary structure of cellulose synthase has been difficult to find because of complications with things like purification of the active enzyme, and the overall difficulty of crystalizing plant cellulose synthase. In the 3D model that we have displayed is that of a bacterial cellulose synthase. Similar to plants it is in the cell membrane, using -glucose from the cytoplasm, passing through the cell membrane, and extruding outside the cell.

References

↑ Hanson, R. M., Prilusky, J., Renjian, Z., Nakane, T. and Sussman, J. L. (2013), JSmol and the Next-Generation Web-Based Representation of 3D Molecular Structure as Applied to Proteopedia. Isr. J. Chem., 53:207-216. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201300024
↑ Herraez A. Biomolecules in the computer: Jmol to the rescue. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 2006 Jul;34(4):255-61. doi: 10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644. PMID:21638687 doi:10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644
↑ Xue J, Purushotham P, Acheson JF, Ho R, Zimmer J, McFarlane C, Van Petegem F, Martone PT, Samuels AL. Functional characterization of a cellulose synthase, CtCESA1, from the marine red alga Calliarthron tuberculosum (Corallinales). J Exp Bot. 2022 Jan 27;73(3):680-695. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erab414. PMID:34505622 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab414
↑ Turner S, Kumar M. Cellulose synthase complex organization and cellulose microfibril structure. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2018 Feb 13;376(2112):20170048. doi: , 10.1098/rsta.2017.0048. PMID:29277745 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0048
↑ Carroll A, Specht CD. Understanding Plant Cellulose Synthases through a Comprehensive Investigation of the Cellulose Synthase Family Sequences. Front Plant Sci. 2011 Mar 30;2:5. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00005. eCollection 2011. PMID:22629257 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2011.00005
↑ Kondo T, Nakamura Y, Nojima S, Yao M, Imai T. The BcsD subunit of type I bacterial cellulose synthase interacts dynamically with the BcsAB catalytic core complex. FEBS Lett. 2022 Sep 14. doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.14495. PMID:36103154 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14495
↑ Duan P, Wei M, Zhang R, Zhao S, Wang Y, Gou B, Yang N, Zhang T, Zhang G, Wei B. Identification and bioinformatic analysis of the CaCesA/Csls family members and the expression of the CaCslD1 in the flower buds of CMS/Rf system in pepper. Funct Integr Genomics. 2022 Dec;22(6):1411-1431. doi: 10.1007/s10142-022-00896-y. , Epub 2022 Sep 23. PMID:36138269 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10142-022-00896-y
↑ Zhu Y, McFarlane HE. Regulation of cellulose synthesis via exocytosis and endocytosis. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2022 Oct;69:102273. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102273. Epub , 2022 Aug 17. PMID:35987011 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102273
↑ Zhu Y, McFarlane HE. Regulation of cellulose synthesis via exocytosis and endocytosis. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2022 Oct;69:102273. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102273. Epub , 2022 Aug 17. PMID:35987011 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102273
↑ Abidi W, Torres-Sanchez L, Siroy A, Krasteva PV. Weaving of bacterial cellulose by the Bcs secretion systems. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2022 Mar 3;46(2):fuab051. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuab051. PMID:34634120 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuab051

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  <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref>  <ref>PMID:21638687</ref>
 == Function ==
-Cellulose synthase has two main jobs. The first of these two being the synthesis or creation of the polysaccharide cellulose <ref> doi: 10.1093/jxb/erab414 </ref> and the second job of cellulose synthase is to create the crystalline microfibril structure <ref> doi: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0048 </ref>. Cellulose is one of the main components in the cell wall and is responsible for protecting the cell from unwarranted pathogens that might try and harm the cell <ref> doi: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00005 </ref>. The overall shape and form of the cell, as well as the containment of water within the cell.
+Cellulose synthase has two main jobs. The first of these two being the synthesis or creation of the polysaccharide cellulose <ref> doi: 10.1093/jxb/erab414 </ref> and the second job of cellulose synthase is to create the crystalline microfibril structure <ref> doi: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0048 </ref>. Cellulose synthase uses an activated form of glucose, with the sugar attached to a <scene name='91/919049/Cellulose_and_udp/3'>UDP (orange)</scene> nucleotide, to build cellulose. Cellulose is one of the main components in the cell wall and is responsible for protecting the cell from unwarranted pathogens that might try and harm the cell <ref> doi: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00005 </ref>. Cellulose is also important in strengthening cell walls and preventing breakage due to physical forces. The overall shape and form of the cell, as well as the containment of water within the cell.
 == Relevance ==

Sandbox Reserved 1740

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Revision as of 08:17, 9 December 2022

Cellulose Synthase

Function

Relevance

Structural highlights

References

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