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	==Classes==		==Classes==
-	Glutamine synthetase has been described as having three destinctive types:<ref>PMID:7916055 </ref>	+	Glutamine synthetase has been described as having three destinctive types.<ref name="Kumada">PMID:7916055 </ref>
	*Class I (GSI): Genes for this class have only been found in bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea (arhaebacteria. The paper by Kumada ''et. al'' goes into detail on these two.<ref name="Kumada">PMID:8096645 </ref>		*Class I (GSI): Genes for this class have only been found in bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea (arhaebacteria. The paper by Kumada ''et. al'' goes into detail on these two.<ref name="Kumada">PMID:8096645 </ref>
	*Class II (GSII): Genes for this class have only been found in eukaryotes and a few soil-dwelling bacteria.The paper by Kumada again, gets into further detail about these bacteria.<ref name="Kumada">		*Class II (GSII): Genes for this class have only been found in eukaryotes and a few soil-dwelling bacteria.The paper by Kumada again, gets into further detail about these bacteria.<ref name="Kumada">
-	*Class III (GSIII): Genes from this class have only been found in a few bacterial species.It is a hexamer of identical chains. It is much larger (about 700 amino acids) than the GSI (450 to 470 amino acids) or GSII (350 to 420 amino acids) enzymes. The paper by Brown ''et. al.'' explains in more detail about the possible gene transfer of GSI that may have occured, and how only a few bacterial species have been found to contain this GSIII gene. <ref>PMID:7916055 </ref>	+	*Class III (GSIII): Genes from this class have only been found in a few bacterial species.It is a hexamer of identical chains. It is much larger (about 700 amino acids) than the GSI (450 to 470 amino acids) or GSII (350 to 420 amino acids) enzymes.<ref name="Brown">.

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Revision as of 22:38, 31 March 2010

Contents 1 Glutamine Synthetase 1.1 Structure 1.2 Classes 1.3 References

Glutamine Synthetase

Structure

An unrefined structure of glutamine synthetase is made of two layers, each containing 6 subunits, for a total of 12 subunits. ^[1] Each subunit contains an which is defined by a cylindrical shape formed by six antiparalel β starnds contributed by one subunit and two more strands by the neighbouring subunit. ^[1] In each cylindrical active site there are two Mn2+ ions: Mn 2+ 469 and 470. Both are attached to three protein chains and two water molecules, one of the water molecules are shared by both Mn2+. The protein ligands. Attached to Mn 2+ 469 is: Glu-131, GLu-212 and Glu-220, and the protein ligands attached to Mn 2+ are: Glu-129, His-269 and Glu-357.^[1]

Unique to glutamine synthetase, unlike other enzymes, is it's "passive site". This refers to the central loop which is formed by a segment of the backbone that extends into the central aqueous cavity. ^[1]Unlike other sites in glutamine synthetase under the same conditions, this site is suceptible to proteolysis by four secreated proteases from the V8 protease of Staphylococcus aureus.^[1]

spinqualitylabelsall models PDB ID 2gls Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image
2gls, resolution 3.50Å ()
Ligands:
Activity:	Glutamate--ammonia ligase, with EC number 6.3.1.2
Structural annotation: Resources: CATH : 2Glsa02, 2Glsa01, 2Glsb02, 2Glsb01, 2Glsc01, 2Glsc02, 2Glsd02, 2Glsd01, 2Glse02, 2Glse01, 2Glsf02, 2Glsf01, 2Glsg01, 2Glsg02, 2Glsh02, 2Glsh01, 2Glsi02, 2Glsi01, 2Glsj01, 2Glsj02, 2Glsk01, 2Glsk02, 2Glsl02, 2Glsl01 InterPro : Ipr014746, Ipr008146, Ipr001637, Ipr008147, Ipr004809 Pfam : PF00120, PF03951 SCOP : d2glsa2, d2glsa1, d2glsb2, d2glsb1, d2glsc1, d2glsc2, d2glsd2, d2glsd1, d2glse2, d2glse1, d2glsf1, d2glsf2, d2glsg2, d2glsg1, d2glsh2, d2glsh1, d2glsi2, d2glsi1, d2glsj2, d2glsj1, d2glsk1, d2glsk2, d2glsl2, d2glsl1 UniProt : P0A1P6
Functional annotation: Cellular component: cytoplasm Biological process: nitrogen compound metabolic process glutamine biosynthetic process nitrogen fixation Molecular function: ligase activity nucleotide binding glutamate-ammonia ligase activity catalytic activity
Evolutionary conservation: Toggle Conservation Colors: Rows = identical sequences: Further Information: Caveats, Explanation, Complete Results at ConSurfDB
Resources:	FirstGlance, OCA, PDBsum, RCSB
Coordinates:	save as pdb, mmCIF, xml

Classes

Glutamine synthetase has been described as having three destinctive types.^[2]

• Class I (GSI): Genes for this class have only been found in bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea (arhaebacteria. The paper by Kumada et. al goes into detail on these two.^[2]
• Class II (GSII): Genes for this class have only been found in eukaryotes and a few soil-dwelling bacteria.The paper by Kumada again, gets into further detail about these bacteria.^[2]

References

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4} Yamashita MM, Almassy RJ, Janson CA, Cascio D, Eisenberg D. Refined atomic model of glutamine synthetase at 3.5 A resolution. J Biol Chem. 1989 Oct 25;264(30):17681-90. PMID:2572586
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2} Brown JR, Masuchi Y, Robb FT, Doolittle WF. Evolutionary relationships of bacterial and archaeal glutamine synthetase genes. J Mol Evol. 1994 Jun;38(6):566-76. PMID:7916055

Rhiannon Khela

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