Anthrax Lethal Factor
From Proteopedia
| Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
==Human Interaction== | ==Human Interaction== | ||
0157:H7 STECs are spread to humans through a fecal-oral mechanism, primarily from ingestion of food contaminated with fecal material. Cattle, goats, and sheep are the primary reservoir of STECs and their close proximity to food sources as well as the use of animal feces for fertilizer makes them the main route of contamination.<ref name=Herold>PMID: 15493821</ref> These animals can house STEC's without effect due to a lack of Stx surface receptors.<ref name=Asakura>PMID: 11561972</ref> Inadequate sanitation and contamination of meat during slaughter can both lead to STEC contaminated food at the market. Once ingested the STEC can survive the high acid environment of the stomach and progress to the gut where they attach firmly to gut mucosa via the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimin intimin adhesin protein].<ref name=Russel>PMID: 11321582</ref> Secreted Stx then either attacks gut epithelia or passes into the bloodstream where it can damage kidney and brain tissue. | 0157:H7 STECs are spread to humans through a fecal-oral mechanism, primarily from ingestion of food contaminated with fecal material. Cattle, goats, and sheep are the primary reservoir of STECs and their close proximity to food sources as well as the use of animal feces for fertilizer makes them the main route of contamination.<ref name=Herold>PMID: 15493821</ref> These animals can house STEC's without effect due to a lack of Stx surface receptors.<ref name=Asakura>PMID: 11561972</ref> Inadequate sanitation and contamination of meat during slaughter can both lead to STEC contaminated food at the market. Once ingested the STEC can survive the high acid environment of the stomach and progress to the gut where they attach firmly to gut mucosa via the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimin intimin adhesin protein].<ref name=Russel>PMID: 11321582</ref> Secreted Stx then either attacks gut epithelia or passes into the bloodstream where it can damage kidney and brain tissue. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Introduction== | ||
| + | '''Shiga Toxins''' are a family of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB5_toxin AB5] toxins (Stx1 and Stx2) which cause [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery dysentery], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome hemolytic-uremic syndrome], and potentially renal failure in humans. They are primarily secreted by Shiga toxin-encoding Escherichia coli (STEC), notably by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0157:H7 0157:H7] strain<ref name=Wagner>PMID: 12010491</ref> and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella_dysenteriae shigella dysentarie]. STECs are one of the major foodborne pathogens, affecting both developed and third-world countries. The stx gene is not endogenous to these strains, but is introduced through horizontal gene transfer from environmental prophages of the lambdoid bacteriophage family and incorporated into the E. Coli genome.<ref name=Wagner>PMID: 12010491</ref> Shiga Toxins are closely related to [[ricin]], which is structurally and mechanistically similar. Shiga toxin acts to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells and is the main virulence factor of STEC. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Human Interaction== | ||
| + | 0157:H7 STECs are spread to humans through a fecal-oral mechanism, primarily from ingestion of food contaminated with fecal material. Cattle, goats, and sheep are the primary reservoir of STECs and their close proximity to food sources as well as the use of animal feces for fertilizer makes them the main route of contamination.<ref name=Herold>PMID: 15493821</ref> These animals can house STEC's without effect due to a lack of Stx surface receptors.<ref name=Asakura>PMID: 11561972</ref> Inadequate sanitation and contamination of meat during slaughter can both lead to STEC contaminated food at the market. Once ingested the STEC can survive the high acid environment of the stomach and progress to the gut where they attach firmly to gut mucosa via the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimin intimin adhesin protein].<ref name=Russel>PMID: 11321582</ref> Secreted Stx then either attacks gut epithelia or passes into the bloodstream where it can damage kidney and brain tissue. | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Treatments''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Treatment with antibiotics is contraindicated as antibiotic treatment has been demonstrated to increase Stx production up to one hundred fold.<ref name=Herold>PMID: 15493821</ref> This results from the link between Stx production (and phage induction) to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS_response SOS response pathway].<ref name=Herold>PMID: 15493821</ref> In the event of renal failure kidney dialysis may be employed. A number of potential treatments are under development including B subunit inhibitors, polysaccharides that promote macrophage uptake of Stx, blocking of the Gb<sub>3</sub> membrane receptor, and inhibition of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_transport#Retrograde_transport retrograde transport].<ref name=Nishikiwa>PMID: 21644029</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Structure== | ||
Revision as of 08:45, 25 November 2011
|
Contents |
Introduction
Shiga Toxins are a family of AB5 toxins (Stx1 and Stx2) which cause dysentery, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and potentially renal failure in humans. They are primarily secreted by Shiga toxin-encoding Escherichia coli (STEC), notably by the 0157:H7 strain[1] and shigella dysentarie. STECs are one of the major foodborne pathogens, affecting both developed and third-world countries. The stx gene is not endogenous to these strains, but is introduced through horizontal gene transfer from environmental prophages of the lambdoid bacteriophage family and incorporated into the E. Coli genome.[1] Shiga Toxins are closely related to ricin, which is structurally and mechanistically similar. Shiga toxin acts to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells and is the main virulence factor of STEC.
Human Interaction
0157:H7 STECs are spread to humans through a fecal-oral mechanism, primarily from ingestion of food contaminated with fecal material. Cattle, goats, and sheep are the primary reservoir of STECs and their close proximity to food sources as well as the use of animal feces for fertilizer makes them the main route of contamination.[2] These animals can house STEC's without effect due to a lack of Stx surface receptors.[3] Inadequate sanitation and contamination of meat during slaughter can both lead to STEC contaminated food at the market. Once ingested the STEC can survive the high acid environment of the stomach and progress to the gut where they attach firmly to gut mucosa via the intimin adhesin protein.[4] Secreted Stx then either attacks gut epithelia or passes into the bloodstream where it can damage kidney and brain tissue.
Introduction
Shiga Toxins are a family of AB5 toxins (Stx1 and Stx2) which cause dysentery, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and potentially renal failure in humans. They are primarily secreted by Shiga toxin-encoding Escherichia coli (STEC), notably by the 0157:H7 strain[1] and shigella dysentarie. STECs are one of the major foodborne pathogens, affecting both developed and third-world countries. The stx gene is not endogenous to these strains, but is introduced through horizontal gene transfer from environmental prophages of the lambdoid bacteriophage family and incorporated into the E. Coli genome.[1] Shiga Toxins are closely related to ricin, which is structurally and mechanistically similar. Shiga toxin acts to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells and is the main virulence factor of STEC.
Human Interaction
0157:H7 STECs are spread to humans through a fecal-oral mechanism, primarily from ingestion of food contaminated with fecal material. Cattle, goats, and sheep are the primary reservoir of STECs and their close proximity to food sources as well as the use of animal feces for fertilizer makes them the main route of contamination.[2] These animals can house STEC's without effect due to a lack of Stx surface receptors.[3] Inadequate sanitation and contamination of meat during slaughter can both lead to STEC contaminated food at the market. Once ingested the STEC can survive the high acid environment of the stomach and progress to the gut where they attach firmly to gut mucosa via the intimin adhesin protein.[4] Secreted Stx then either attacks gut epithelia or passes into the bloodstream where it can damage kidney and brain tissue.
Treatments
Treatment with antibiotics is contraindicated as antibiotic treatment has been demonstrated to increase Stx production up to one hundred fold.[2] This results from the link between Stx production (and phage induction) to the SOS response pathway.[2] In the event of renal failure kidney dialysis may be employed. A number of potential treatments are under development including B subunit inhibitors, polysaccharides that promote macrophage uptake of Stx, blocking of the Gb3 membrane receptor, and inhibition of retrograde transport.[5]
