Dominant-negative Effects in Prion Diseases: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Mouse Prion Protein Chimeras
Xiaojing Cong, Salvatore Bongarzone, Gabriele Giachin, Giulia Rossetti, Paolo Carloni, Giuseppe Legname[1]
Molecular Tour
The key event in prion diseases is the conformational conversion from the cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) to its pathogenic scrapie form PrPSc (or prion). PrPSc is the sole causative agent of prion diseases which self-propagates by converting PrPC to nascent PrPSc. Mutations in the open reading sequence of the prion protein gene can introduce changes in the protein structure and alter PrPSc formation and propagation, possibly by (de)stabilizing the physiological folding of PrPC and/or affecting its interactions with some yet unknown cellular factors. Some PrP polymorphisms may even inhibit the wild-type (WT) PrPC from being converted to PrPSc, with the so-called “dominant-negative” effect.
Here we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structural determinants of the globular domain in engineered Mouse (Mo) PrP variants, in WT human (Hu) PrP (PDB: 1HJN) and in WT MoPrP (PDB: 1XYX). The Mo PrP variants investigated here contain one or two residues from Homo sapiens and are denoted “MoPrP chimeras”. Some of them are resistant to PrPSc infection in in vivo or in in vitro cell-culture experiments, the others are not.
Our main results are the following:
(i) The chimeras resistant to PrPSc infection show shorter intramolecular distances between the α1 helix and N-terminal of α3 helix than HuPrP, MoPrP and the non-resistant chimeras. This is due to stronger specific interactions between these two regions, mainly the Y149-D202 and D202-Y157 (in Hu numbering and hereafter) hydrogen bonds and the R156-E196 salt bridge (Fig. 1).
(ii) The β2-α2 loop (residues 167-171) of PrPC is known to differ in its conformation across different species and is suggested to be responsible for the species barrier of PrPSc propagation. Our simulations detect exchanges between different conformations in this loop which can be categorized into two distinct patterns: some chimeras experience a 310-helix/turn pattern like in MoPrP and others show a bend/turn pattern like in HuPrP. In the Mo-like pattern, 310-helix conformation is stabilized by the Q168-P165 and Y169-V166 hydrogen bonds (1.pdb). In the Hu-like pattern, a D167-S170 hydrogen bond stabilizes the bend conformation (2.pdb). Interestingly, the dominant-negative effect of MoPrP chimeras over WT MoPrP occurs if the chimera not only resists PrPSc infection but also adopts the Mo-like pattern of exchanges between conformations in the β2-α2 loop. This suggests that the compatible loop conformation allows these dominant-negative chimeras to interfere with the conversion of MoPrP to PrPSc.
The structural features presented here indicate that stronger interactions between α1 helix and N-terminal of α3 helix are related to the resistance to PrPC → PrPSc conversion, while the β2-α2 loop conformation may play an important role in the dominant-negative effect.
