Three dimensional structure of Palmitoyl-Protein Thioesterase 1.
Palmitoyl-Protein Thioesterase 1 (PPT1) is a lysosomal enzyme that plays a role in the degradation of lipid-modified proteins[1]. PPT1 receives its catalytic power from its catalytic triad, the α/β hydrolase fold, and its hydrophobic groove in order to remove fatty acid acyl groups, typically palmitate from cysteine residues in proteins. PPT1 demonstrates how proteins can be modified by different enzymes and induce biological changes. Misregulation of PPT1 modifications can cause various diseases, including infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, kufs disease, and late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Within these diseases, the production of PPT1 is decreased or eliminated completely, which leads to fatty acid buildup.
Structure
The secondary structure of PPT1 contains several α-helices and few β-sheets.
α/β Hydrolase Fold
The α/β Hydrolase Fold is common to many other hydrolases. This fold consists of and . The α/β hydrolase fold has a central 6 stranded parallel Beta sheet. There is also a helix that is roughly perpendicular to the direction of the beta sheet. There is also a large insertion, containing 6 helices, that forms a second domain that encompasses most of the fatty acid binding site.
Catalytic Triad
The is composed of Ser115, His289, and Asp233, which is the same as the catalytic triad in chymotrypsin.
A water molecule is occupying the and it is hydrogen bonded to ser115.
Hydrophobic Groove
The is located in the second domain of PPT1, where palmitate mainly binds. The fact that palmitate has to to fit into the binding pocket suggests that this pocket is designed to bind an unsaturated fatty acid.
Function
Biological
PPT1 is biologically involved in sensory transduction and the vision process. Within sensory tranduction, PPT1 is involved in the process of converting extracellular signals, such aws light, taste, touch, or smell, into electric signals that are then sent throughout the body. With vision, PPT1 is involved in the process of seeing images and then processing them into information that is then interpreted by the brain.
Molecular
The main molecular function of PPT1 is to breakdown lipid-modified proteins and act as a hydrolase of disulfide bonds. In the main catalytic reaction for PPT1, a cysteine residue is removed from the palmitoylated protein by PPT, resulting in a free cysteine residue and palmitoyl-CoA. It is suggested that a water molecule comes in and stabilizes the transition state, along with protonating the cysteine residue on the palmitoylated protein, allowing the palmitoyl-CoA to break free.
Medical Relevance
PPT1 mutations are the root cause of several diseases, specifically those where mutations cause a decrease or depletion of PPT1. Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCF) is characterized by impaired mental and motor development, including difficulty with walking, speaking, and intellectual function, beginning around the first or second year of life[2]. The PPT1 mutation involved in INCF replaces an arginine with a stop signal in the instructions to make the enzyme. This mutation leads to a vast reduction in the production of PPT1, which impairs the removal of fatty acids from proteins. This impaired removal leads to fatty acid accumulations throughout the body, particularly in neuronal cells in the brain[2]. Late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis has the same characteristics as INCF, but the mutation varies slightly. This leads to a slight reduction in the activity of PPT1 instead of completely wiping it out.
Mutations can also cause premature stop signals to be added to the instructions to create PPT1, resulting in Kufs disease. This is characterized by seizures, problems with movement, and a decline of intellectual function, usually beginning in early adulthood[2]. Although premature stop signals are added, these mutations allow enough PPT1 to be produced so that the onset is later on in life and the life expectancy is higher.
