2l5m

Structural highlights

2l5m is a 1 chain structure. Full experimental information is available from OCA.
Related: 2k6o
Activity: Glucokinase, with EC number 2.7.1.2

Publication Abstract from PubMed

Human cathelicidin LL-37 is a critical cationic antimicrobial peptide for host defense against infection, immune modulation, and wound healing. This article elucidates the functional roles of the cationic side chains of the major antimicrobial region of LL-37, corresponding to residues 17-32 (designated GF-17). Antimicrobial assays, killing kinetics studies, and vesicle leakage experiments all indicate that a conversion of lysines to arginines affected the ability of the peptide to kill the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus USA300 strain. Alanine scanning experiments show that S. aureus is less sensitive to the single cationic residue mutation of GF-17, whereas Escherichia coli is more susceptible. Among the five cationic residues, R23 appears to be somewhat important in killing S. aureus. However, R23 and K25 of GF-17 are of prime importance in killing Gram-negative E. coli. In particular, R23 is essential for (1) rapid recognition; (2) permeation of the E. coli outer membrane; (3) clustering of anionic lipids in a membrane system mimicking the E. coli inner membrane; and (4) membrane disruption. Bacterial aggregation (i.e. rapid recognition via charge neutralization) is the first step of the peptide action. Structurally, R23 is located in the interface (i.e. the first action layer) ideal for the above interactions. In contrast, residues K18, R19, and R29 are on the hydrophilic surface of the amphipathic helix and only play a secondary role. Mapping the functional spectrum of cationic residues of GF-17 provides a solid basis for engineering bacteria-specific antimicrobials using this highly potent template.

Decoding the Functional Roles of Cationic Side Chains of the Major Antimicrobial Region of Human Cathelicidin LL-37.,Wang G, Epand RF, Mishra B, Lushnikova T, Thomas VC, Bayles KW, Epand RM Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Nov 14. PMID:22083479^[1]

From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

References

1. ↑ Wang G, Epand RF, Mishra B, Lushnikova T, Thomas VC, Bayles KW, Epand RM. Decoding the Functional Roles of Cationic Side Chains of the Major Antimicrobial Region of Human Cathelicidin LL-37. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Nov 14. PMID:22083479 doi:10.1128/AAC.05637-11