Aminopeptidase N

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The structure of human aminopeptidase N (PDB code 4FYQ)

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Aminopeptidase N (APN; CD13) is a zinc-dependent integral ectopeptidase composed of 967 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 160 kDa that cleaves neutral amino acids from the N-terminal of peptides.[1][2] It has been implicated in coronovirus invasion of cells of the respiratory tract, cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and numerous cancers.[1][3][4] Its expression in cancer cells has been associated with more aggressive phenotypes and a role for it has been determined in: leukaemia, breast cancer, colon cancer, stomach cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, kidney cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer and thryoid cancer.[1] It is also an enkephalinase, that is, it is an enzyme involved in the degradation of enkephalins, such as met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin.[5] Additional roles in immunity have also been discovered (such as in the degradation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 8 and N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine and in the regulation of T cell function[6]) and the use of APN inhibitors has been proposed as a potential drug therapy for inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis.[3][7] It is found in abundance in the central nervous system, liver, mucosal layer of the small intestine and kidneys.[8][9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Su L, Fang H, Xu W. Aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) inhibitors (2006 - 2010): a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2011 Aug;21(8):1241-65. doi: 10.1517/13543776.2011.587002. , Epub 2011 May 28. PMID:21619485 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543776.2011.587002
  2. ↑ PMID: 16216010‎
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Xu W, Li Q. Progress in the development of aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13) inhibitors. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents. 2005 May;5(3):281-301. PMID:15992355
  4. ↑ Bosch BJ, Smits SL, Haagmans BL. Membrane ectopeptidases targeted by human coronaviruses. Curr Opin Virol. 2014 Apr 21;6C:55-60. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.03.011. PMID:24762977 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2014.03.011
  5. ↑ Thanawala V, Kadam VJ, Ghosh R. Enkephalinase inhibitors: potential agents for the management of pain. Curr Drug Targets. 2008 Oct;9(10):887-94. PMID:18855623
  6. ↑ Lendeckel U, Arndt M, Frank K, Wex T, Ansorge S. Role of alanyl aminopeptidase in growth and function of human T cells (review). Int J Mol Med. 1999 Jul;4(1):17-27. PMID:10373632
  7. ↑ Bank U, Bohr UR, Reinhold D, Lendeckel U, Ansorge S, Malfertheiner P, Tager M. Inflammatory bowel diseases: multiple benefits from therapy with dipeptidyl- and alanyl-aminopeptidase inhibitors. Front Biosci. 2008 May 1;13:3699-713. PMID:18508466
  8. ↑ Danziger RS. Aminopeptidase N in arterial hypertension. Heart Fail Rev. 2008 Sep;13(3):293-8. Epub 2007 Nov 16. PMID:18008160 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10741-007-9061-y
  9. ↑ PMID: 17346152‎

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