Mangrove catsnake

Three fingers formed by three peptide loops (F1, F2 & F3) [PDB=2H5F]

Denmotoxin is a snake venom protein produced by Boiga dendrophila (mangrove catsnake) which belongs to a family of well studied three-fingered neurotoxins.

Denmotoxin belongs to a family of non-conventional three-finger toxins

Three-finger toxins (3FTXs) are the most common family of snake venom proteins with a conserved structure. The core structure of 3FTXs is formed by joined together by cysteine bridges.Denmotoxin has several features which classify it as a non-conventional 3FTX. It differs structurally from other elapid 3FTX venoms by its seven additional N-terminal amino acid residues; this unusually long N-terminus is unstructured and is hypothesized to gyrate above the core of the protein. Another unique feature of denmotoxin is the twist at the tip of the central loop originating from a kink in a proline residue (Pro40). At the central loop, the charge is also negative which is unusual for the proteins of the family.

Structure

Denmotoxin is a monomeric protein consisting of 77 amino acid residues. Multiple sequence alignment of denmotoxin reveals that the venom belongs to the family of non-conventional 3FTXs. Denmotoxin has 7 additional amino acid residues in its N-terminal when compared to other elapid 3FTXs; the N-terminus is also blocked by a pyroglutamic acid residue. The biological function of the pyroglutamic acid residue is currently unknown.

There are 10 structurally important cysteine-residues in denmotoxin which form five stabilizing . Four of these disulphide bonds are located at the central core ( ) and the fifth at the tip of the first loop. The cysteine residues of all 3FTXs are highly conserved, whereas the other residues within the sequence express high variability. Denmotoxins consists of protruding from the globular core; this structure is typical for 3FTXs. The globular core consists of a triple stranded anti-parallel β-sheet; two of the β-strands in this structure connect to the second loop (central loop) and one β-strand connects to the third loop. There are two highly on the protein: one at the tip of the central loop and one at the 3 first residues of the N-terminus; the expected active site of denmotoxin is at the tip of the central loop.

Denmotoxin shares approximately 30% sequence similarity with other 3FTXs with an exception of exhibiting approximately 50% sequence similarity with another colubrid snake venom α-colubritoxin. Despite the relatively low sequence similarity, denmotoxin possesses all the residues needed to maintain the 3 finger fold. A large part of the sequence similarity between denmotoxin and other 3FTXs is due to the highly conserved disulphides and a number of structurally important residues.

Denmotoxin interacts with acetylcholine-receptors

Biochemistry of denmotoxin is unique for its specifity to bird nicotinic acetyl choline receptors (nAChR). Binding of denmotoxin to a chick muscle AChR (a1ByS) is a highly irreversible when interaction with identical subunit assembly in mouse AChR was reversible. Here a picture of the complex where the toxin is bound to the AChR. The active sites which interact with the receptor.

Active site organisation

Conclusions

Snake venom can kill!