Elizabeth Cummings/sandbox 1
From Proteopedia
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Molecular Playground Banner: "Paclitaxel (Taxol),a plant-derived natural product to treat cancer" | Molecular Playground Banner: "Paclitaxel (Taxol),a plant-derived natural product to treat cancer" | ||
| - | <Structure load='1JFF' size = '350' frame = 'true' align = 'left' caption = 'Paclitaxel binding to alpha-beta tubulin' scene='60/609785/Tubulin/2'/> | + | <Structure load='1JFF' size = '350' frame = 'true' align = 'left' caption = 'Paclitaxel binding to alpha-beta tubulin' scene='60/609785/Tubulin/2'/ > |
==Production== | ==Production== | ||
Originally, paclitaxel was produced through the extraction of the drug from the bark of ''Taxus'' trees. This process was unsustainable because nearly 40,000 mature trees were required to meet the demands for the drug each year. A semi-synthetic route was developed and utilized for paclitaxel production using Taxol precursors, which can be extracted from the needles of ''Taxus'' trees. This process is more sustainable because the ''Taxus'' needles can be harvested depending on their seasonal availability without the destruction of the tree, but the process uses harsh, expensive solvents and has a low product yield. In 2004, the production of paclitaxel through plant cell culture was approved by the FDA. This was the first plant cell culture production route approved for the production of a pharmaceutical. Currently, [http://www.bms.com/pages/default.aspx Bristol-Myers Squibb] is producing paclitaxel for pharmaceutical use solely through the sustainable plant cell culture process. | Originally, paclitaxel was produced through the extraction of the drug from the bark of ''Taxus'' trees. This process was unsustainable because nearly 40,000 mature trees were required to meet the demands for the drug each year. A semi-synthetic route was developed and utilized for paclitaxel production using Taxol precursors, which can be extracted from the needles of ''Taxus'' trees. This process is more sustainable because the ''Taxus'' needles can be harvested depending on their seasonal availability without the destruction of the tree, but the process uses harsh, expensive solvents and has a low product yield. In 2004, the production of paclitaxel through plant cell culture was approved by the FDA. This was the first plant cell culture production route approved for the production of a pharmaceutical. Currently, [http://www.bms.com/pages/default.aspx Bristol-Myers Squibb] is producing paclitaxel for pharmaceutical use solely through the sustainable plant cell culture process. | ||
| - | Plants in their natural environment cannot flee from non-ideal conditions, so they rely on an intricate defense system (i.e., stress response) characterized by the synthesis of secondary products that enhance survivability. During this defense response, energy flux shifts from metabolism conserved across species (i.e., growth) to specialized metabolic pathways that include compounds such as paclitaxel (Taxus spp.) <ref>PMID: 25063984</ref> It is produced through an intricate metabolic pathway in response to a 'stress' on the tree. In culture, this stress response can be induced using | + | Plants in their natural environment cannot flee from non-ideal conditions, so they rely on an intricate defense system (i.e., stress response) characterized by the synthesis of secondary products that enhance survivability. During this defense response, energy flux shifts from metabolism conserved across species (i.e., growth) to specialized metabolic pathways that include compounds such as paclitaxel (Taxus spp.) <ref>PMID: 25063984</ref> It is produced through an intricate metabolic pathway in response to a 'stress' on the tree. In culture, this stress response can be induced using the compound methyl jasmonate <ref>PMID: 22059985</ref>. Methyl jasmonate is a largely conserved activator of specialized metabolic pathways across many plant systems <ref>PMID: 24497113</ref> <ref>PMID: 22926031</ref> <ref>PMID: 24909837</ref>. It has been shown that methyl jasmonate participates in a positive feedback biosynthetic pathway, implying that adding the compound to culture will result in the production of more methyl jasmonate and therefore an increased downstream stress response <ref>PMID: 11572481</ref>. |
==Docetaxel== | ==Docetaxel== | ||
Revision as of 19:53, 4 December 2014
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Paclitaxel (Taxol, Bristol-Myers Squibb)
Docetaxel (Taxotere, Sanofi-aventis)
Paclitaxel, also called Taxol (Bristol-Myers Squibb), is a plant derived anti-cancer agent that was first isolated from the bark of Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia, in 1971. It is a complex diterpenoid with a bulky, fused ring system as well as a number of hydrophobic substituents. Approved by the FDA in 1992, it is currently being used in the treatment of ovarian, breast and lung cancers. In addition, therapies are being developed for treatment of Alzheimer's and post-heart surgery patients.
Molecular Playground Banner: "Paclitaxel (Taxol),a plant-derived natural product to treat cancer"
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