| Structural highlights
Function
[PQSD_PSEAE] Required for the biosynthesis of a number of signaling molecules, such as the quinolone signal 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone (PQS), 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline (HHQ) and 2,4-dihydroxyquinoline (DHQ). These molecules are required for normal biofilm formation. The exact reaction mechanism is still under debate. According to PubMed:18728009, a covalent anthraniloyl-PqsD intermediate is formed, which then condenses with malonyl-CoA or malonyl-acyl carrier protein (malonyl-ACP) to form the short-lived intermediate 3-(2-aminophenyl)-3-oxopropanoyl-CoA. An intramolecular rearrangement of this intermediate can give rise to 2,4-dihydroxyquinoline (DHQ) (in vitro). Alternatively (PubMed:21425231), DHQ and HHQ biosynthesis could proceed via a decarboxylative Claisen condensation of a beta-ketoacid and anthraniloyl-CoA.[1] [2] [3] [4]
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS), 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone, is an intercellular alkyl quinolone signaling molecule produced by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Alkyl quinolone signaling is an atypical system that, in P. aeruginosa, controls the expression of numerous virulence factors. PQS is synthesized from the tryptophan pathway intermediate, anthranilate, which is derived either from the kynurenine pathway or from an alkyl quinolone specific anthranilate synthase encoded by phnAB. Anthranilate is converted to PQS by the enzymes encoded by the pqsABCDE operon and pqsH. PqsA forms an activated anthraniloyl-CoA thioester that shuttles anthranilate to the PqsD active site where it is transferred to Cys112 of PqsD. In the only biochemically characterized reaction, a condensation then occurs between anthraniloyl-PqsD and malonyl-CoA or malonyl-ACP, a second PqsD substrate, forming 2,4-dihydroxyquinoline (DHQ). The role PqsD plays in the biosynthesis of other alkyl quinolones, such as PQS, is unclear, though it has been reported to be required for their production. No evidence exists that DHQ is a PQS precursor, however. Here we present a structural and biophysical characterization of PqsD that includes several crystal structures of the enzyme, including that of the PqsD-anthranilate covalent intermediate and the inactive Cys112Ala active site mutant in complex with anthranilate. The structure reveals that PqsD is structurally similar to the FabH and chalcone synthase families of fatty acid and polyketide synthases. The crystallographic asymmetric unit contains a PqsD dimer. The PqsD monomer is composed of two nearly identical approximately 170-residue alphabetaalphabetaalpha domains. The structures show anthranilate-liganded Cys112 is positioned deep in the protein interior at the bottom of an approximately 15 A long channel while a second anthraniloyl-CoA molecule is waiting in the cleft leading to the protein surface. Cys112, His257, and Asn287 form the FabH-like catalytic triad of PqsD. The C112A mutant is inactive, although it still reversibly binds anthraniloyl-CoA. The covalent complex between anthranilate and Cys112 clearly illuminates the orientation of key elements of the PqsD catalytic machinery and represents a snapshot of a key point in the catalytic cycle.
Structure of PqsD, a Pseudomonas quinolone signal biosynthetic enzyme, in complex with anthranilate.,Bera AK, Atanasova V, Robinson H, Eisenstein E, Coleman JP, Pesci EC, Parsons JF Biochemistry. 2009 Sep 15;48(36):8644-55. PMID:19694421[5]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Zhang YM, Frank MW, Zhu K, Mayasundari A, Rock CO. PqsD is responsible for the synthesis of 2,4-dihydroxyquinoline, an extracellular metabolite produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Chem. 2008 Oct 24;283(43):28788-94. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M804555200. Epub 2008, Aug 26. PMID:18728009 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M804555200
- ↑ Bera AK, Atanasova V, Robinson H, Eisenstein E, Coleman JP, Pesci EC, Parsons JF. Structure of PqsD, a Pseudomonas quinolone signal biosynthetic enzyme, in complex with anthranilate. Biochemistry. 2009 Sep 15;48(36):8644-55. PMID:19694421 doi:10.1021/bi9009055
- ↑ Pistorius D, Ullrich A, Lucas S, Hartmann RW, Kazmaier U, Muller R. Biosynthesis of 2-Alkyl-4(1H)-quinolones in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: potential for therapeutic interference with pathogenicity. Chembiochem. 2011 Apr 11;12(6):850-3. doi: 10.1002/cbic.201100014. Epub 2011 Mar , 18. PMID:21425231 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201100014
- ↑ Storz MP, Maurer CK, Zimmer C, Wagner N, Brengel C, de Jong JC, Lucas S, Musken M, Haussler S, Steinbach A, Hartmann RW. Validation of PqsD as an anti-biofilm target in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by development of small-molecule inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Oct 3;134(39):16143-6. doi: 10.1021/ja3072397. Epub 2012 Sep , 24. PMID:22992202 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja3072397
- ↑ Bera AK, Atanasova V, Robinson H, Eisenstein E, Coleman JP, Pesci EC, Parsons JF. Structure of PqsD, a Pseudomonas quinolone signal biosynthetic enzyme, in complex with anthranilate. Biochemistry. 2009 Sep 15;48(36):8644-55. PMID:19694421 doi:10.1021/bi9009055
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