2a1t

Structural highlights

Disease

[ACADM_HUMAN] Defects in ACADM are the cause of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium-chain deficiency (ACADMD) [MIM:201450]. It is an autosomal recessive disease which causes fasting hypoglycemia, hepatic dysfunction, and encephalopathy, often resulting in death in infancy.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]} [ETFB_HUMAN] Defects in ETFB are the cause of glutaric aciduria type 2B (GA2B) [MIM:231680]. GA2B is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder of fatty acid, amino acid, and choline metabolism. It is characterized by multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies resulting in large excretion not only of glutaric acid, but also of lactic, ethylmalonic, butyric, isobutyric, 2-methyl-butyric, and isovaleric acids.^{[16] [17]} [ETFA_HUMAN] Defects in ETFA are the cause of glutaric aciduria type 2A (GA2A) [MIM:231680]; also known as glutaricaciduria IIA. GA2A is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder of fatty acid, amino acid, and choline metabolism. It is characterized by multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies resulting in large excretion not only of glutaric acid, but also of lactic, ethylmalonic, butyric, isobutyric, 2-methyl-butyric, and isovaleric acids.^{[18] [19]}

Function

[ACADM_HUMAN] This enzyme is specific for acyl chain lengths of 4 to 16. [ETFB_HUMAN] The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase). [ETFA_HUMAN] The electron transfer flavoprotein serves as a specific electron acceptor for several dehydrogenases, including five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, glutaryl-CoA and sarcosine dehydrogenase. It transfers the electrons to the main mitochondrial respiratory chain via ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF dehydrogenase).

Evolutionary Conservation

Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.

See Also

• Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

References

1. ↑ Matsubara Y, Narisawa K, Miyabayashi S, Tada K, Coates PM, Bachmann C, Elsas LJ 2nd, Pollitt RJ, Rhead WJ, Roe CR. Identification of a common mutation in patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Aug 31;171(1):498-505. PMID:2393404
2. ↑ Yokota I, Indo Y, Coates PM, Tanaka K. Molecular basis of medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. An A to G transition at position 985 that causes a lysine-304 to glutamate substitution in the mature protein is the single prevalent mutation. J Clin Invest. 1990 Sep;86(3):1000-3. PMID:2394825 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI114761
3. ↑ Kelly DP, Whelan AJ, Ogden ML, Alpers R, Zhang ZF, Bellus G, Gregersen N, Dorland L, Strauss AW. Molecular characterization of inherited medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(23):9236-40. PMID:2251268
4. ↑ Yokota I, Coates PM, Hale DE, Rinaldo P, Tanaka K. Molecular survey of a prevalent mutation, 985A-to-G transition, and identification of five infrequent mutations in the medium-chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) gene in 55 patients with MCAD deficiency. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Dec;49(6):1280-91. PMID:1684086
5. ↑ Gregersen N, Andresen BS, Bross P, Winter V, Rudiger N, Engst S, Christensen E, Kelly D, Strauss AW, Kolvraa S, et al.. Molecular characterization of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency: identification of a lys329 to glu mutation in the MCAD gene, and expression of inactive mutant enzyme protein in E. coli. Hum Genet. 1991 Apr;86(6):545-51. PMID:1902818
6. ↑ Blakemore AI, Singleton H, Pollitt RJ, Engel PC, Kolvraa S, Gregersen N, Curtis D. Frequency of the G985 MCAD mutation in the general population. Lancet. 1991 Feb 2;337(8736):298-9. PMID:1671131
7. ↑ Andresen BS, Jensen TG, Bross P, Knudsen I, Winter V, Kolvraa S, Bolund L, Ding JH, Chen YT, Van Hove JL, et al.. Disease-causing mutations in exon 11 of the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1994 Jun;54(6):975-88. PMID:8198141
8. ↑ Ziadeh R, Hoffman EP, Finegold DN, Hoop RC, Brackett JC, Strauss AW, Naylor EW. Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in Pennsylvania: neonatal screening shows high incidence and unexpected mutation frequencies. Pediatr Res. 1995 May;37(5):675-8. PMID:7603790
9. ↑ Brackett JC, Sims HF, Steiner RD, Nunge M, Zimmerman EM, deMartinville B, Rinaldo P, Slaugh R, Strauss AW. A novel mutation in medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase causes sudden neonatal death. J Clin Invest. 1994 Oct;94(4):1477-83. PMID:7929823 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI117486
10. ↑ Andresen BS, Bross P, Udvari S, Kirk J, Gray G, Kmoch S, Chamoles N, Knudsen I, Winter V, Wilcken B, Yokota I, Hart K, Packman S, Harpey JP, Saudubray JM, Hale DE, Bolund L, Kolvraa S, Gregersen N. The molecular basis of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency in compound heterozygous patients: is there correlation between genotype and phenotype? Hum Mol Genet. 1997 May;6(5):695-707. PMID:9158144
11. ↑ Kuchler B, Abdel-Ghany AG, Bross P, Nandy A, Rasched I, Ghisla S. Biochemical characterization of a variant human medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase with a disease-associated mutation localized in the active site. Biochem J. 1999 Jan 15;337 ( Pt 2):225-30. PMID:9882619
12. ↑ Yang BZ, Ding JH, Zhou C, Dimachkie MM, Sweetman L, Dasouki MJ, Wilkinson J, Roe CR. Identification of a novel mutation in patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2000 Mar;69(3):259-62. PMID:10767181 doi:10.1006/mgme.2000.2978
13. ↑ Andresen BS, Dobrowolski SF, O'Reilly L, Muenzer J, McCandless SE, Frazier DM, Udvari S, Bross P, Knudsen I, Banas R, Chace DH, Engel P, Naylor EW, Gregersen N. Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) mutations identified by MS/MS-based prospective screening of newborns differ from those observed in patients with clinical symptoms: identification and characterization of a new, prevalent mutation that results in mild MCAD deficiency. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Jun;68(6):1408-18. Epub 2001 May 8. PMID:11349232 doi:10.1086/320602
14. ↑ Zschocke J, Schulze A, Lindner M, Fiesel S, Olgemoller K, Hoffmann GF, Penzien J, Ruiter JP, Wanders RJ, Mayatepek E. Molecular and functional characterisation of mild MCAD deficiency. Hum Genet. 2001 May;108(5):404-8. PMID:11409868
15. ↑ Albers S, Levy HL, Irons M, Strauss AW, Marsden D. Compound heterozygosity in four asymptomatic siblings with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2001 Jun;24(3):417-8. PMID:11486912
16. ↑ Olsen RK, Andresen BS, Christensen E, Bross P, Skovby F, Gregersen N. Clear relationship between ETF/ETFDH genotype and phenotype in patients with multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency. Hum Mutat. 2003 Jul;22(1):12-23. PMID:12815589 doi:10.1002/humu.10226
17. ↑ Colombo I, Finocchiaro G, Garavaglia B, Garbuglio N, Yamaguchi S, Frerman FE, Berra B, DiDonato S. Mutations and polymorphisms of the gene encoding the beta-subunit of the electron transfer flavoprotein in three patients with glutaric acidemia type II. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Mar;3(3):429-35. PMID:7912128
18. ↑ Indo Y, Glassberg R, Yokota I, Tanaka K. Molecular characterization of variant alpha-subunit of electron transfer flavoprotein in three patients with glutaric acidemia type II--and identification of glycine substitution for valine-157 in the sequence of the precursor, producing an unstable mature protein in a patient. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Sep;49(3):575-80. PMID:1882842
19. ↑ Freneaux E, Sheffield VC, Molin L, Shires A, Rhead WJ. Glutaric acidemia type II. Heterogeneity in beta-oxidation flux, polypeptide synthesis, and complementary DNA mutations in the alpha subunit of electron transfer flavoprotein in eight patients. J Clin Invest. 1992 Nov;90(5):1679-86. PMID:1430199 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI116040
20. ↑ Toogood HS, van Thiel A, Scrutton NS, Leys D. Stabilization of non-productive conformations underpins rapid electron transfer to electron-transferring flavoprotein. J Biol Chem. 2005 Aug 26;280(34):30361-6. Epub 2005 Jun 23. PMID:15975918 doi:10.1074/jbc.M505562200