Glutamine synthetase
From Proteopedia
(Difference between revisions)
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
[[Image:Passive site.png |left||thumb|Figure 1: A clear view of glutamine synthetases "passive site".]] | [[Image:Passive site.png |left||thumb|Figure 1: A clear view of glutamine synthetases "passive site".]] | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
==Classes== | ==Classes== | ||
| Line 24: | Line 22: | ||
*Class III (GSIII): Genes from this class have only been found in a few bacterial species.It is a hexamer of identical chains. It is much larger (about 700 amino acids) than the GSI (450 to 470 amino acids) or GSII (350 to 420 amino acids) enzymes. <ref name="Brown"/> Brown ''et. al.''(1994) explain in their paper the idea that lateral gene transfer from archeal GSI may have happened and explain the gene mutation.<ref name="Brown"/> | *Class III (GSIII): Genes from this class have only been found in a few bacterial species.It is a hexamer of identical chains. It is much larger (about 700 amino acids) than the GSI (450 to 470 amino acids) or GSII (350 to 420 amino acids) enzymes. <ref name="Brown"/> Brown ''et. al.''(1994) explain in their paper the idea that lateral gene transfer from archeal GSI may have happened and explain the gene mutation.<ref name="Brown"/> | ||
| - | [[Image:Glutamine-synthesis.jpg|thumb | Figure 2: Two step process of sythesis of glutamine from glutamate, | + | [[Image:Glutamine-synthesis.jpg|thumb|left|400px| Figure 2: Two step process of sythesis of glutamine from glutamate, synthezised by glutamine synthesis.]] |
==Function== | ==Function== | ||
| Line 30: | Line 28: | ||
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an essential enzyme in the cellular nitrogen metabolism and has been found to play a role in both ammonia assimilation and glutamine byosynthesis.<ref name="Kumada"/> It is the only enzyme capable of glutamine synthesis and is required for the two step process synthesizing glutamate to glutamine. The glutamine produced is an essential precursor for purine and pyrimidine synthesis, a modulator of protein turnover or an intermediate for gluconeogenesis and acid-base balance. <ref>He,Youji, Hakvoort,Theodorus, B.M., Kohler,S.Eleonor, Vermeulen,Jacqueline L.M.,Rudi de Waart, D., Theije,Chiel de, Gabrie A.M. ten Have, Van Eijk,Hans M.H., Kunne,Cindy, Labruyere,Wilelmina T., Houten,Sander M., Sokolovic,Mika, Tuijter,Jan M., Deutz,Nicolaas E.P., and Lamers, Wouter H. Glutamine Synthetase in muscle is required for glutamine production druing fasting and extrahepatic ammonia detoxification. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, January 11, 2010 </ref> | Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an essential enzyme in the cellular nitrogen metabolism and has been found to play a role in both ammonia assimilation and glutamine byosynthesis.<ref name="Kumada"/> It is the only enzyme capable of glutamine synthesis and is required for the two step process synthesizing glutamate to glutamine. The glutamine produced is an essential precursor for purine and pyrimidine synthesis, a modulator of protein turnover or an intermediate for gluconeogenesis and acid-base balance. <ref>He,Youji, Hakvoort,Theodorus, B.M., Kohler,S.Eleonor, Vermeulen,Jacqueline L.M.,Rudi de Waart, D., Theije,Chiel de, Gabrie A.M. ten Have, Van Eijk,Hans M.H., Kunne,Cindy, Labruyere,Wilelmina T., Houten,Sander M., Sokolovic,Mika, Tuijter,Jan M., Deutz,Nicolaas E.P., and Lamers, Wouter H. Glutamine Synthetase in muscle is required for glutamine production druing fasting and extrahepatic ammonia detoxification. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, January 11, 2010 </ref> | ||
| + | </StructureSection> | ||
==3D structures of glutamine synthetase== | ==3D structures of glutamine synthetase== | ||
Revision as of 13:47, 27 January 2015
| |||||||||||
3D structures of glutamine synthetase
Updated on 27-January-2015
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Yamashita MM, Almassy RJ, Janson CA, Cascio D, Eisenberg D. Refined atomic model of glutamine synthetase at 3.5 A resolution. J Biol Chem. 1989 Oct 25;264(30):17681-90. PMID:2572586
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Brown JR, Masuchi Y, Robb FT, Doolittle WF. Evolutionary relationships of bacterial and archaeal glutamine synthetase genes. J Mol Evol. 1994 Jun;38(6):566-76. PMID:7916055
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kumada Y, Benson DR, Hillemann D, Hosted TJ, Rochefort DA, Thompson CJ, Wohlleben W, Tateno Y. Evolution of the glutamine synthetase gene, one of the oldest existing and functioning genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 1;90(7):3009-13. PMID:8096645
- ↑ He,Youji, Hakvoort,Theodorus, B.M., Kohler,S.Eleonor, Vermeulen,Jacqueline L.M.,Rudi de Waart, D., Theije,Chiel de, Gabrie A.M. ten Have, Van Eijk,Hans M.H., Kunne,Cindy, Labruyere,Wilelmina T., Houten,Sander M., Sokolovic,Mika, Tuijter,Jan M., Deutz,Nicolaas E.P., and Lamers, Wouter H. Glutamine Synthetase in muscle is required for glutamine production druing fasting and extrahepatic ammonia detoxification. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, January 11, 2010
| Please do NOT make changes to this Sandbox until after April 23, 2010. Sandboxes 151-200 are reserved until then for use by the Chemistry 307 class at UNBC taught by Prof. Andrea Gorrell. |
Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)
Michal Harel, Rhiannon Khela, David Canner, Andrea Gorrell, Alexander Berchansky, Jaime Prilusky
