4v7j

Structural highlights

Function

[RL9_THET8] Binds to the 23S rRNA. Extends more that 50 Angstroms beyond the surface of the 70S ribosome.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00503] [RELE_ECOLI] Toxic component of a toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. A sequence-specific, ribosome-dependent mRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits translation during amino acid starvation (the stringent response). Acts by cleaving mRNA with high codon specificity in the ribosomal A site between positions 2 and 3. The stop codon UAG is cleaved at a fast rate while UAA and UGA are cleaved with intermediate and slow rates. mRNA cleavage can also occur in the ribosomal E site after peptide release from peptidyl-tRNA in the P site as well as on free 30S subunits. Overexpression of RelE results in the inhibition of bacterial growth and a sharp decrease in colony-forming ability which is inhibited by the labile cognate antitoxin RelB. Overexpression also sharply increases persisters (cells that neither grow or die in presence of bactericidal agent and are largely responsible for high levels of biofilm tolerance to antimicrobials). Acts with RelB as a corepressor of relBE transcription.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]} Seems to be a principal mediator of cell death in liquid media.^{[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]} [RS8_THETH] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA central domain where it helps coordinate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit (By similarity). [RL1_THET8] Directly binds to 23S rRNA. Forms what is known as the L1 stalk, which protrudes beyond the 70S ribosome surface. The stalk is preferentially stabilized in 70S versus 50S crystals. Interacts with the E site tRNA, blocking the exit path. This blockage implies that this section of the ribosome must be able to move to release the deacetylated tRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01318_B] Protein L1 is also a translational repressor protein, it controls the translation of the L11 operon by binding to its mRNA (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01318_B] [RS19_THETH] Protein S19 forms a complex with S13 that binds strongly to the 16S ribosomal RNA (By similarity). [RS17_THET8] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it helps nucleate assembly of the platform and body of the 30S subunit by bringing together and stabilizing interactions between several different RNA helices. The combined cluster of proteins S8, S12 and S17 appears to hold together the shoulder and platform of the 30S subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01345] Deletion of the protein leads to an increased generation time and a temperature-sensitive phenotype.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01345] [RL23_THET8] One of the early assembly proteins (By similarity) it binds 23S rRNA. One of the proteins that surrounds the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the ribosome. Forms the main docking site for trigger factor binding to the ribosome (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01369] [RL2_THET8] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins. Required for association of the 30S and 50S subunits to form the 70S ribosome, for tRNA binding and peptide bond formation. It has been suggested to have peptidyltransferase activity; this is somewhat controversial (By similarity). Makes several contacts with the 16S rRNA (forming bridge B7b) in the 70S ribosome.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01320_B] [RSHX_THETH] Binds at the top of the head of the 30S subunit. It stabilizes a number of different RNA elements and thus is important for subunit structure (By similarity). [RS11_THET8] Located on the upper part of the platform of the 30S subunit, where it bridges several disparate RNA helices of the 16S rRNA. Forms part of the Shine-Dalgarno cleft in the 70S ribosome, where it interacts both with the Shine-Dalgarno helix and mRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01310] [RL6_THET8] This protein binds to the 23S rRNA, and is important in its secondary structure. It is located near the subunit interface in the base of the L7/L12 stalk, and near the tRNA binding site of the peptidyltransferase center.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01365] [RL14_THET8] This protein binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01367] Contacts the 16S rRNA of the 30S subunit in two different positions helping to form bridges B5 and B8.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01367] [RS12_THETH] With S4 and S5 plays an important role in translational accuracy (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00403_B] Interacts with and stabilizes bases of the 16S rRNA that are involved in tRNA selection in the A site and with the mRNA backbone. Located at the interface of the 30S and 50S subunits, it traverses the body of the 30S subunit contacting proteins on the other side and probably holding the rRNA structure together. The combined cluster of proteins S8, S12 and S17 appears to hold together the shoulder and platform of the 30S subunit (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00403_B] [RL4_THET8] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, this protein initially binds near the 5'-end of the 23S rRNA. It is important during the early stages of 50S assembly. It makes multiple contacts with different domains of the 23S rRNA in the assembled 50S subunit and ribosome (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01328_B] Forms part of the polypeptide exit tunnel (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01328_B] This protein can be incorporated into E.coli ribosomes in vivo, which resulted in decreased peptidyltransferase (Ptase) activity of the hybrid ribosomes. The hybrid 50S subunits associate less well with 30S subunits to form the ribosome.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01328_B] [RL18_THET8] This is one of the proteins that binds and mediates the attachment of the 5S RNA into the large ribosomal subunit, where it forms part of the central protuberance.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01337_B] [RL20_THET8] Binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is necessary for the in vitro assembly process of the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is not involved in the protein synthesizing functions of that subunit (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00382] [RS13_THET8] Located at the top of the head of the 30S subunit, it contacts several helices of the 16S rRNA. In the 70S ribosome structure it contacts the 23S rRNA (bridge B1a) and protein L5 of the 50S subunit (bridge B1b), connecting the top of the two subunits; these bridges are in contact with the A site and P site tRNAs respectively and are implicated in movement during ribosome translocation. Separately contacts the tRNAs in the A and P sites.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01315] [RS16_THET8] Binds to the lower part of the body of the 30S subunit, where it stabilizes two of its domains.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00385] [RL32_THET8] Found on the solvent side of the large subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00340] [RL24_THET8] One of two assembly initiator proteins, it binds directly to the 5'-end of the 23S rRNA, where it nucleates assembly of the 50S subunit (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01326_B] One of the proteins that surrounds the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01326_B] [RS20_THET8] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the bottom of the body of the 30S subunit, by binding to several RNA helices of the 16S rRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00500] [RL34_THET8] Found on the solvent side of the large subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00391] [RS18_THET8] Located on the back of the platform of the 30S subunit where it stabilizes the close packing of several RNA helices of the 16S rRNA. Forms part of the Shine-Dalgarno cleft in the 70S ribosome, where it probably interacts with the Shine-Dalgarno helix.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00270] [RS3_THET8] Binds the lower part of the 30S subunit head. Binds mRNA in the 70S ribosome, positioning it for translation.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01309_B] [RS2_THET8] Spans the head-body hinge region of the 30S subunit. Is loosely associated with the 30S subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00291_B] [RL5_THET8] This is 1 of the proteins that binds and probably mediates the attachment of the 5S RNA into the large ribosomal subunit, where it forms part of the central protuberance. In the 70S ribosome it contacts protein S13 of the 30S subunit (forming bridge B1b) connecting the head of the 30S subunit to the top of the 50S subunit. The bridge itself contacts the P site tRNA and is implicated in movement during ribosome translocation. Also contacts the P site tRNA independently of the intersubunit bridge; the 5S rRNA and some of its associated proteins might help stabilize positioning of ribosome-bound tRNAs.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01333_B] [RL3_THET8] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly near the 3'-end of the 23S rRNA, where it nucleates assembly of the 50S subunit (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01325_B] [RL19_THET8] Contacts the 16S rRNA of the 30S subunit (part of bridge B6), connecting the 2 subunits.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00402] [RS15_THETH] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it helps nucleate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit by binding and bridging several RNA helices of the 16S rRNA. Forms an intersubunit bridge (bridge B4) with the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit in the ribosome (By similarity). [RL29_THET8] One of the proteins that surrounds the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00374] [RL33_THET8] Found on the solvent side of the large subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00294] Contacts the E site tRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00294] [RL21_THET8] This protein binds to 23S rRNA in the presence of protein L20 (By similarity). Found on the solvent side of the large subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01363] [RL25_THET8] This is one of 3 proteins that mediate the attachment of the 5S rRNA onto the large ribosomal subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01334] [RS14Z_THETH] Binds 16S rRNA, required for the assembly of 30S particles and may also be responsible for determining the conformation of the 16S rRNA at the A site (By similarity). [RS7_THET8] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 3'-end of the 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the head domain of the 30S subunit. Is located at the subunit interface close to the decoding center. Binds mRNA and the E site tRNA blocking its exit path in the ribosome. This blockage implies that this section of the ribosome must be able to move to release the deacetylated tRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00480_B] [RL15_THET8] Binds to the 23S rRNA (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01341_B] [RS4_THET8] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it helps nucleate assembly of the body and platform of the 30S subunit. Binds mRNA in the 70S ribosome, positioning it for translation.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01306_B] [RS10_THETH] Involved in the binding of tRNA to the ribosomes (By similarity). [RL31_THET8] Binds the 23S rRNA (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00501] [RL27_THET8] Found on the solvent side of the large subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00539] [RS9_THET8] Part of the top of the head of the 30S subunit. The C-terminal region penetrates the head emerging in the P-site where it contacts tRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00532_B] [RS5_THETH] With S4 and S12 plays an important role in translational accuracy (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01307_B] Located at the back of the 30S subunit body where it stabilizes the conformation of the head with respect to the body (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01307_B] [RL13_THET8] This protein is one of the early assembly proteins of the 50S ribosomal subunit, although it is not seen to bind rRNA by itself. It is important during the early stages of 50S assembly (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01366] [RL16_THET8] This protein binds directly to 23S rRNA. Interacts with the A site tRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01342] [RL22_THET8] This protein binds specifically to 23S rRNA; its binding is stimulated by other ribosomal proteins, e.g. L4, L17, and L20. It is important during the early stages of 50S assembly. It makes multiple contacts with different domains of the 23S rRNA in the assembled 50S subunit and ribosome (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01331_B] The globular domain of the protein is one of the proteins that surrounds the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the subunit, while an extended beta-hairpin is found that penetrates into the center of the 70S ribosome. This extension seems to form part of the wall of the exit tunnel.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01331_B] [RS6_THETH] Located on the outer edge of the platform on the body of the 30S subunit (By similarity).

References

1. ↑ Gotfredsen M, Gerdes K. The Escherichia coli relBE genes belong to a new toxin-antitoxin gene family. Mol Microbiol. 1998 Aug;29(4):1065-76. PMID:9767574
2. ↑ Galvani C, Terry J, Ishiguro EE. Purification of the RelB and RelE proteins of Escherichia coli: RelE binds to RelB and to ribosomes. J Bacteriol. 2001 Apr;183(8):2700-3. PMID:11274135 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.183.8.2700-2703.2001
3. ↑ Christensen SK, Mikkelsen M, Pedersen K, Gerdes K. RelE, a global inhibitor of translation, is activated during nutritional stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Dec 4;98(25):14328-33. Epub 2001 Nov 20. PMID:11717402 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251327898
4. ↑ Pedersen K, Christensen SK, Gerdes K. Rapid induction and reversal of a bacteriostatic condition by controlled expression of toxins and antitoxins. Mol Microbiol. 2002 Jul;45(2):501-10. PMID:12123459
5. ↑ Pedersen K, Zavialov AV, Pavlov MY, Elf J, Gerdes K, Ehrenberg M. The bacterial toxin RelE displays codon-specific cleavage of mRNAs in the ribosomal A site. Cell. 2003 Jan 10;112(1):131-40. PMID:12526800
6. ↑ Kolodkin-Gal I, Verdiger R, Shlosberg-Fedida A, Engelberg-Kulka H. A differential effect of E. coli toxin-antitoxin systems on cell death in liquid media and biofilm formation. PLoS One. 2009 Aug 26;4(8):e6785. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006785. PMID:19707553 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006785
7. ↑ Gotfredsen M, Gerdes K. The Escherichia coli relBE genes belong to a new toxin-antitoxin gene family. Mol Microbiol. 1998 Aug;29(4):1065-76. PMID:9767574
8. ↑ Galvani C, Terry J, Ishiguro EE. Purification of the RelB and RelE proteins of Escherichia coli: RelE binds to RelB and to ribosomes. J Bacteriol. 2001 Apr;183(8):2700-3. PMID:11274135 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.183.8.2700-2703.2001
9. ↑ Christensen SK, Mikkelsen M, Pedersen K, Gerdes K. RelE, a global inhibitor of translation, is activated during nutritional stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Dec 4;98(25):14328-33. Epub 2001 Nov 20. PMID:11717402 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251327898
10. ↑ Pedersen K, Christensen SK, Gerdes K. Rapid induction and reversal of a bacteriostatic condition by controlled expression of toxins and antitoxins. Mol Microbiol. 2002 Jul;45(2):501-10. PMID:12123459
11. ↑ Pedersen K, Zavialov AV, Pavlov MY, Elf J, Gerdes K, Ehrenberg M. The bacterial toxin RelE displays codon-specific cleavage of mRNAs in the ribosomal A site. Cell. 2003 Jan 10;112(1):131-40. PMID:12526800
12. ↑ Kolodkin-Gal I, Verdiger R, Shlosberg-Fedida A, Engelberg-Kulka H. A differential effect of E. coli toxin-antitoxin systems on cell death in liquid media and biofilm formation. PLoS One. 2009 Aug 26;4(8):e6785. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006785. PMID:19707553 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006785
13. ↑ Neubauer C, Gao YG, Andersen KR, Dunham CM, Kelley AC, Hentschel J, Gerdes K, Ramakrishnan V, Brodersen DE. The structural basis for mRNA recognition and cleavage by the ribosome-dependent endonuclease RelE. Cell. 2009 Dec 11;139(6):1084-95. PMID:20005802 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.015