| Structural highlights
Function
[POLS_SFV] Capsid protein possesses a protease activity that results in its autocatalytic cleavage from the nascent structural protein. Following its self-cleavage, the capsid protein transiently associates with ribosomes, and within several minutes the protein binds to viral RNA and rapidly assembles into icosaedric core particles. The resulting nucleocapsid eventually associates with the cytoplasmic domain of E2 at the cell membrane, leading to budding and formation of mature virions. New virions attach to target cells, and after clathrin-mediated endocytosis their membrane fuses with the host endosomal membrane. This leads to the release of the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm, followed by an uncoating event necessary for the genomic RNA to become accessible. The uncoating might be triggered by the interaction of capsid proteins with ribosomes. Binding of ribosomes would release the genomic RNA since the same region is genomic RNA-binding and ribosome-binding.[1] [2] [3] [4] E3 protein's function is unknown.[5] [6] [7] [8] E2 is responsible for viral attachment to target host cell, by binding to the cell receptor. Synthesized as a p62 precursor which is processed by furin at the cell membrane just before virion budding, giving rise to E2-E1 heterodimer. The p62-E1 heterodimer is stable, whereas E2-E1 is unstable and dissociate at low pH. p62 is processed at the last step, presumably to avoid E1 fusion activation before its final export to cell surface. E2 C-terminus contains a transitory transmembrane that would be disrupted by palmitoylation, resulting in reorientation of the C-terminal tail from lumenal to cytoplasmic side. This step is critical since E2 C-terminus is involved in budding by interacting with capsid proteins. This release of E2 C-terminus in cytoplasm occurs lately in protein export, and precludes premature assembly of particles at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.[9] [10] [11] [12] 6K is a constitutive membrane protein involved in virus glycoprotein processing, cell permeabilization, and the budding of viral particles. Disrupts the calcium homeostasis of the cell, probably at the endoplasmic reticulum level. This leads to cytoplasmic calcium elevation. Because of its lipophilic properties, the 6K protein is postulated to influence the selection of lipids that interact with the transmembrane domains of the glycoproteins, which, in turn, affects the deformability of the bilayer required for the extreme curvature that occurs as budding proceeds. Present in low amount in virions, about 3% compared to viral glycoproteins.[13] [14] [15] [16] E1 is a class II viral fusion protein. Fusion activity is inactive as long as E1 is bound to E2 in mature virion. After virus attachment to target cell and endocytosis, acidification of the endosome would induce dissociation of E1/E2 heterodimer and concomitant trimerization of the E1 subunits. This E1 trimer is fusion active, and promotes release of viral nucleocapsid in cytoplasm after endosome and viral membrane fusion. Efficient fusion requires the presence of cholesterol and sphingolipid in the target membrane. Fusion is optimal at levels of about 1 molecule of cholesterol per 2 molecules of phospholipids, and is specific for sterols containing a 3-beta-hydroxyl group.[17] [18] [19] [20]
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Semliki Forest virus (SFV) is enveloped by a lipid bilayer enclosed within a glycoprotein cage made by glycoproteins E1 and E2. E1 is responsible for inducing membrane fusion, triggered by exposure to the acidic environment of the endosomes. Acidic pH induces E1/E2 dissociation, allowing E1 to interact with the target membrane, and, at the same time, to rearrange into E1 homotrimers that drive the membrane fusion reaction. We previously reported a preliminary Calpha trace of the monomeric E1 glycoprotein ectodomain and its organization on the virus particle. We also reported the 3.3 A structure of the trimeric, fusogenic conformation of E1. Here, we report the crystal structure of monomeric E1 refined to 3 A resolution and describe the amino acids involved in contacts in the virion. These results identify the major determinants for the E1/E2 icosahedral shell formation and open the way to rational mutagenesis approaches to shed light on SFV assembly.
Structure and interactions at the viral surface of the envelope protein E1 of Semliki Forest virus.,Roussel A, Lescar J, Vaney MC, Wengler G, Wengler G, Rey FA Structure. 2006 Jan;14(1):75-86. PMID:16407067[21]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Lusa S, Garoff H, Liljestrom P. Fate of the 6K membrane protein of Semliki Forest virus during virus assembly. Virology. 1991 Dec;185(2):843-6. PMID:1962454
- ↑ Wahlberg JM, Bron R, Wilschut J, Garoff H. Membrane fusion of Semliki Forest virus involves homotrimers of the fusion protein. J Virol. 1992 Dec;66(12):7309-18. PMID:1433520
- ↑ Loewy A, Smyth J, von Bonsdorff CH, Liljestrom P, Schlesinger MJ. The 6-kilodalton membrane protein of Semliki Forest virus is involved in the budding process. J Virol. 1995 Jan;69(1):469-75. PMID:7983743
- ↑ Vonderheit A, Helenius A. Rab7 associates with early endosomes to mediate sorting and transport of Semliki forest virus to late endosomes. PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul;3(7):e233. Epub 2005 Jun 21. PMID:15954801 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030233
- ↑ Lusa S, Garoff H, Liljestrom P. Fate of the 6K membrane protein of Semliki Forest virus during virus assembly. Virology. 1991 Dec;185(2):843-6. PMID:1962454
- ↑ Wahlberg JM, Bron R, Wilschut J, Garoff H. Membrane fusion of Semliki Forest virus involves homotrimers of the fusion protein. J Virol. 1992 Dec;66(12):7309-18. PMID:1433520
- ↑ Loewy A, Smyth J, von Bonsdorff CH, Liljestrom P, Schlesinger MJ. The 6-kilodalton membrane protein of Semliki Forest virus is involved in the budding process. J Virol. 1995 Jan;69(1):469-75. PMID:7983743
- ↑ Vonderheit A, Helenius A. Rab7 associates with early endosomes to mediate sorting and transport of Semliki forest virus to late endosomes. PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul;3(7):e233. Epub 2005 Jun 21. PMID:15954801 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030233
- ↑ Lusa S, Garoff H, Liljestrom P. Fate of the 6K membrane protein of Semliki Forest virus during virus assembly. Virology. 1991 Dec;185(2):843-6. PMID:1962454
- ↑ Wahlberg JM, Bron R, Wilschut J, Garoff H. Membrane fusion of Semliki Forest virus involves homotrimers of the fusion protein. J Virol. 1992 Dec;66(12):7309-18. PMID:1433520
- ↑ Loewy A, Smyth J, von Bonsdorff CH, Liljestrom P, Schlesinger MJ. The 6-kilodalton membrane protein of Semliki Forest virus is involved in the budding process. J Virol. 1995 Jan;69(1):469-75. PMID:7983743
- ↑ Vonderheit A, Helenius A. Rab7 associates with early endosomes to mediate sorting and transport of Semliki forest virus to late endosomes. PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul;3(7):e233. Epub 2005 Jun 21. PMID:15954801 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030233
- ↑ Lusa S, Garoff H, Liljestrom P. Fate of the 6K membrane protein of Semliki Forest virus during virus assembly. Virology. 1991 Dec;185(2):843-6. PMID:1962454
- ↑ Wahlberg JM, Bron R, Wilschut J, Garoff H. Membrane fusion of Semliki Forest virus involves homotrimers of the fusion protein. J Virol. 1992 Dec;66(12):7309-18. PMID:1433520
- ↑ Loewy A, Smyth J, von Bonsdorff CH, Liljestrom P, Schlesinger MJ. The 6-kilodalton membrane protein of Semliki Forest virus is involved in the budding process. J Virol. 1995 Jan;69(1):469-75. PMID:7983743
- ↑ Vonderheit A, Helenius A. Rab7 associates with early endosomes to mediate sorting and transport of Semliki forest virus to late endosomes. PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul;3(7):e233. Epub 2005 Jun 21. PMID:15954801 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030233
- ↑ Lusa S, Garoff H, Liljestrom P. Fate of the 6K membrane protein of Semliki Forest virus during virus assembly. Virology. 1991 Dec;185(2):843-6. PMID:1962454
- ↑ Wahlberg JM, Bron R, Wilschut J, Garoff H. Membrane fusion of Semliki Forest virus involves homotrimers of the fusion protein. J Virol. 1992 Dec;66(12):7309-18. PMID:1433520
- ↑ Loewy A, Smyth J, von Bonsdorff CH, Liljestrom P, Schlesinger MJ. The 6-kilodalton membrane protein of Semliki Forest virus is involved in the budding process. J Virol. 1995 Jan;69(1):469-75. PMID:7983743
- ↑ Vonderheit A, Helenius A. Rab7 associates with early endosomes to mediate sorting and transport of Semliki forest virus to late endosomes. PLoS Biol. 2005 Jul;3(7):e233. Epub 2005 Jun 21. PMID:15954801 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030233
- ↑ Roussel A, Lescar J, Vaney MC, Wengler G, Wengler G, Rey FA. Structure and interactions at the viral surface of the envelope protein E1 of Semliki Forest virus. Structure. 2006 Jan;14(1):75-86. PMID:16407067 doi:10.1016/j.str.2005.09.014
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