Structural highlights
Function
[KAP3_MOUSE] Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells. Type II regulatory chains mediate membrane association by binding to anchoring proteins, including the MAP2 kinase. [KAPCA_MOUSE] Phosphorylates a large number of substrates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Regulates the abundance of compartmentalized pools of its regulatory subunits through phosphorylation of PJA2 which binds and ubiquitinates these subunits, leading to their subsequent proteolysis. Phosphorylates CDC25B, ABL1, NFKB1, CLDN3, PSMC5/RPT6, PJA2, RYR2, RORA, TRPC1 and VASP. RORA is activated by phosphorylation. Required for glucose-mediated adipogenic differentiation increase and osteogenic differentiation inhibition from osteoblasts. Involved in the regulation of platelets in response to thrombin and collagen; maintains circulating platelets in a resting state by phosphorylating proteins in numerous platelet inhibitory pathways when in complex with NF-kappa-B (NFKB1 and NFKB2) and I-kappa-B-alpha (NFKBIA), but thrombin and collagen disrupt these complexes and free active PRKACA stimulates platelets and leads to platelet aggregation by phosphorylating VASP. Prevents the antiproliferative and anti-invasive effects of alpha-difluoromethylornithine in breast cancer cells when activated. RYR2 channel activity is potentiated by phosphorylation in presence of luminal Ca(2+), leading to reduced amplitude and increased frequency of store overload-induced Ca(2+) release (SOICR) characterized by an increased rate of Ca(2+) release and propagation velocity of spontaneous Ca(2+) waves, despite reduced wave amplitude and resting cytosolic Ca(2+). TRPC1 activation by phosphorylation promotes Ca(2+) influx, essential for the increase in permeability induced by thrombin in confluent endothelial monolayers. PSMC5/RPT6 activation by phosphorylation stimulates proteasome. Regulates negatively tight junction (TJs) in ovarian cancer cells via CLDN3 phosphorylation. NFKB1 phosphorylation promotes NF-kappa-B p50-p50 DNA binding. Involved in embryonic development by down-regulating the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway that determines embryo pattern formation and morphogenesis. Isoform 2 phosphorylates and activates ABL1 in sperm flagellum to promote spermatozoa capacitation. Prevents meiosis resumption in prophase-arrested oocytes via CDC25B inactivation by phosphorylation. May also regulate rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT).[1] [2] [3]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is regulated in part by N-terminal myristylation of its catalytic (C) subunit. Structural information about the role of myristylation in membrane targeting of PKA has been limited. In mammalian cells there are four functionally non-redundant PKA regulatory subunits (RIalpha, RIbeta, RIIalpha, and RIIbeta). PKA is assembled as an inactive R2C2 holoenzyme in cells. To explore the role of N-myristylation in membrane targeting of PKA holoenzymes, we solved crystal structures of RIalpha:myrC and RIIbeta2:myrC2, and showed that the N-terminal myristylation site in the myrC serves as a flexible "switch" that can potentially be mobilized for membrane anchoring of RII, but not RI, holoenzymes. Furthermore, we synthesized nanodiscs and showed by electron microscopy that membrane targeting through the myristic acid is specific for the RII holoenzyme. This membrane-anchoring myristylation switch is independent of A Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs) that target PKA to membranes by other mechanisms.
An Isoform-Specific Myristylation Switch Targets Type II PKA Holoenzymes to Membranes.,Zhang P, Ye F, Bastidas AC, Kornev AP, Wu J, Ginsberg MH, Taylor SS Structure. 2015 Aug 5. pii: S0969-2126(15)00288-9. doi:, 10.1016/j.str.2015.07.007. PMID:26278174[4]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Nolan MA, Babcock DF, Wennemuth G, Brown W, Burton KA, McKnight GS. Sperm-specific protein kinase A catalytic subunit Calpha2 orchestrates cAMP signaling for male fertility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Sep 14;101(37):13483-8. Epub 2004 Aug 31. PMID:15340140 doi:10.1073/pnas.0405580101
- ↑ Pirino G, Wescott MP, Donovan PJ. Protein kinase A regulates resumption of meiosis by phosphorylation of Cdc25B in mammalian oocytes. Cell Cycle. 2009 Feb 15;8(4):665-70. Epub 2009 Feb 14. PMID:19223768
- ↑ Baker MA, Hetherington L, Curry B, Aitken RJ. Phosphorylation and consequent stimulation of the tyrosine kinase c-Abl by PKA in mouse spermatozoa; its implications during capacitation. Dev Biol. 2009 Sep 1;333(1):57-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.06.022. Epub 2009, Jun 26. PMID:19560455 doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.06.022
- ↑ Zhang P, Ye F, Bastidas AC, Kornev AP, Wu J, Ginsberg MH, Taylor SS. An Isoform-Specific Myristylation Switch Targets Type II PKA Holoenzymes to Membranes. Structure. 2015 Aug 5. pii: S0969-2126(15)00288-9. doi:, 10.1016/j.str.2015.07.007. PMID:26278174 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2015.07.007
