Introduction
Vanin 1, otherwise known as pantetheinase, is an enzyme found throughout the body in various tissues including the liver and kidneys. As an ectoenzyme—any enzyme found on the outside or outer surface of a cell—pantethiense is anchored to the cell wall by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linker, allowing for the it to carry out its enzymatic purpose of hydrolyzing pantetheine to pantothenic acid and cysteamine [1]. The two protein subunits possess dense regions of which create binding sites for three types of ligands, the non-polar , a di(hydroxyethyl)ether compound , and (N-acetyl-d-glucosamine) ligands. The identification of the associated binding sites has led to the investigation of active-site inhibitors (see Additional Features).
The importance of vanin 1 lies in the products of the enzymatic reaction. Pantothenic acid (vitamin B12) plays a significant role in the maintenance of the nervous system and brain. The compound is also involved in DNA synthesis, as well as fatty acid and amino acid metabolism [2]. Cysteamine—a product of the degradation of the amino acid cysteine—is used to form coenzyme A, a compound that plays a key role in the citric acid cycle and the synthesis of fatty acids. A lack of these biomolecules can lead to significant physiological issues (see Additional Features).
Overall Structure
The protein 4CYG has a two chain structure. The chains have identical sequences, consisting of 506 total residues each. There are 87 residues missing from the model, which have been replace with spherical basket-like structures. The structure of only Chain A has been isolated in order to provide a more simple view. Chain A is colored to show the sequence direction
The secondary structure of 4CYG is made up of both beta sheets and alpha helices. The alpha helices of one chain, of which there are 11, are isolated , where the polar side of the helix is pink and the hydrophobic side is gray. The beta sheets of one chain, colored by polarity, can be viewed . The polar portions are colored pink and nonpolar portions are colored grey, allowing for a visual representation of the alternating sequence.
4CYG has three types ligands involved in the structure. There are two ((2r)-2,4-dihydroxy-n-[(3s)-3-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyl]-3,3-dimethylbutanamide) ligands, two (di(hydroxyethyl) ether) ligands, and eight (N-acetyl-d-glucosamine) ligands.
Binding Interactions
4CYG is a key protein that is involved in the breakdown of pantetheine to panthothenic acid and cysteamine. These proteins are associated with many metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes. Understanding the binding interaction would give insight into treating these diseases more effectively. 4CYG has three (Glu79, Lys178 and Cys211) that represents the active site of the enzyme. The purple amino acids represent the three amino acids directly involved in the binding interactions. The active site is located in the center of the enzyme in between the two sub-units. It was discovered that Glu79 and Lys178 were responsible for orienting and activating Cys211 to catalyze the reaction. The substrate forms a covalent bond with Cys211 producing the transition state.[1]
In addition, the two residues are essential for enzymatic function too. The purple regions are polar whereas the grey regions are hydrophobic. The two black amino acids represent GLU249 and GLU439. The two glutamic acid residues are both located in hydrophobic regions 4 Angstroms away. Although this is energetically unfavorable to have a polar amino acid in a nonpolar region, these two amino acids help maintain the structure between the two sub-units for proper binding interactions to occur.[1]
Additional Features
The biological importance of pantetheinase is found in the products cysteamine and vitamin B5, formed from the hydrolysis reaction shown below. Cysteamine and vitamin B5 are key components in the synthesis of other necessary bio-molecules such as acetylcholine and coenzyme A.[2]
Inhibition
The importance of pantetheinase stems from the vitality of the components of the reaction it catalyzes. It is for this reason that pantetheinase has been a promising point of research in the field of medicine. Pantetheine analogues known as pantothenamides have been shown to act as effective antibiotics that protect the body from bacterial intruders. The similarity of these analogues to pantetheine allows for the active sites on pantetheinase to catalyze their breakdown through hydrolysis. The administration of RR6 in the presence of pantetheinase and other antibiotic pantothenamides revealed that RR6 acts as a competitive inhibitor with great affinity for the active site Cys at on pantetheinase, thus preserving desired concentrations of the pantothenamides with antibiotic characteristics.[3] The RR6 inhibior is shown below.
Absence
Vitamin B5 is the recycled product of the hydrolysis of pantetheine and is a major substrate in the formation of coenzyme A (CoA). Without pantetheinase, the hydrolysis of panteheine would occur at a significantly slower rate and would therefore produce vitamin B5 and cysteamine at a slower rate. Lower concentrations of Vitamin B5 would result in inadequate prodution of CoA and therefore inadequate production of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is needed for proper brain function which means an absence of pantetheinase could lead to neurological complications.[2]
Cysteamine is important in the regulation of cystine levels in lysosomes. A lack of cysteamine due to the absence of pantetheinase would lead to a build up of lysosomal cystine, a disease known as cystinosis.[4]
Quiz Question 1
Pantetheinase exhibits an extremely similar sequence to the other proteins in the Vanin family. In addition, pantetheinase is also sequentially similar to this enzyme, which allows the body to utilize a certain vitamin:
a. gastric lipase
b. biotinidase
c. carboxypeptidase
d. pepsin
See Also
Credits
Introduction - Patrick Tonne
Overall Structure - Luke Schnitzler
Drug Binding Site - Owen O'Connor
Additional Features - Nick Sant
Quiz Question 1 - Tyler Russell
References
Yamada, Kazuhiro (2013). "Chapter 9. Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel. Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences 13. Springer. pp. 295–320.doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9
- ↑ Boersma YL, Newman J, Adams TE, Cowieson N, Krippner G, Bozaoglu K, Peat TS. The structure of vanin 1: a key enzyme linking metabolic disease and inflammation. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2014 Dec 1;70(Pt 12):3320-9. doi:, 10.1107/S1399004714022767. Epub 2014 Nov 28. PMID:25478849 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1399004714022767
