Location
The human gene NOS1, found on chromosome 12, encodes for a nitric oxide synthase which is ubiquitously expressed. Nitric oxide synthases consume L-arginine to produce nitric oxide. The chemical equation is shown below.
2 L-arginine + 3 NADPH + 4 O(2) = 2 L- citrulline + 2 nitric oxide + 3 NADP(+) + 4 H(2)O
Nitric oxide is used in a wide variety of processes. A few examples of molecular processes include heme binding, NADP binding, calcium signaling, and oxidation-reduction reactions. Biological examples include regulation of cardiac muscle contraction, blood coagulation, aging, and regulation of neurogenesis [1]. There are three known isoforms known for NOS1 in humans produced by alternative splicing, as well as four natural transcript variants for NOS1. The alternatively-spliced isoforms are reffered to as neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS1), endothelial NOS (eNOS or NOS3), and cytokine-inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS2). Moderate expression of NOS1 has been observed in skeletal muscle, brain, testicular, lung, and kidney tissue. Low expression has been observed in heart, adrenal gland, and retinal tissues [2].
Function
NOS1 is a major component of the production of Nitric Oxide. Nitric Oxide targets NO receptors on G-cyclase and other Nitric Oxide specific receptors as well. NOS1 is an important component of synaptogenesis, long-term potentiation, neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity [3].NOS1 is coupled with N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the post-synapse of cells, which allows these processes to occur. The process occurs when NMDA receptor binds to PSD95, which then binds to NOS1. After the complex is formed, NMDA receptor mediated CA2+ influx now regulates the amount of Nitric Oxide that is produced by NOS1 [4].
NOS1 also contributes in limiting oxidative stress in the myocardium, limits systolic and diastolic dysfunction and prevent a failing heart. NOS1 regulates the reuptake of Ca2+ in sarcoplamisic reticulum (SR). NOS1 is shown into the human coronary artery smooth cells and maintains of basal blood flow. NOS1 also controls the parasympathetic and sympathetic regulation of the heart[5]. NOS1 is important in all functions that help regulate the cardiac muscles[6]. The ability of Nitric Oxide to self regulate enables NOS1 to control all these major functions. In myocite relaxation, the Nitric Oxide produced by NOS1 facilitates SERCA to increase intracellular CA2+ because of the increase in PKA dependent PLN phosphorylation. NOS1 also regulates cardiac function by the Nitric Oxide produced targets that are not CA2+ dependent[7].
Disease
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced from one of three synthases present within the body: neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1), inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) (Shinkai, et. al, 2002). Specifically, NOS1 has nine different first exons that lead to multiple NOS1 transcripts with different 5’-untranslated regions (Galimberti, et. al, 2008). An advantage of having multiple first exons that can be alternatively spliced and expressed is that NOS1 can be specific and specifically regulated for different tissues (Galimberti, et. al, 2008). A disadvantage to having multiple first exons is that there is a higher possibility of mutations, which would affect NO production and thus have an effect on the second messenger cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) production (Shinkai, et. al, 2002). Furthermore, because NO is an oxyradical, overproduction caused by a mutation can lead to neural tissue damage (Shinkai, et. al, 2002). Numerous pathologies may arise from neural tissue damage, and one study suggested overproduction of NO that leads to such damage is possibly an influential factor in developing schizophrenia (Shinkai, et. al, 2002).
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and various lengths of tandem repeats within NOS1 have been linked in other disorders of the brain such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (Galimberti, et. al, 2008; Rife, et. al, 2009). Out of three identified SNPs occurring in alternative exon 1c, only the SNP G-84A has a functional effect that decreases transcription levels (Galimberti, et. al, 2008). However, various lengths of tandem repeats present in the alternative exon 1f has been shown to be a potential factor in both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (Galimberti, et. al, 2008; Rife, et. al, 2009). Shorter tandem TG repeats are possibly associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease, and longer tandem TG repeats are possibly associated with the development of Parkinson’s disease (Rife, et. al, 2009). Although schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases have genetic influences, mutations in NOS1 can be a risk indicator for developing these diseases (Shinkai, et. al, 2002; Galimberti, et. al, 2008; Rife, et. al, 2009).
Structural highlights
The Nitric oxide synthase gene exists as a homodimer. This homodimer consists of two regions. One region is an N-terminal oxygenase domain and the other is a C-terminal reductase. The N-terminal oxygenase domain is an extended beta sheet cage with binding sites for heme. The N-terminal catalytic domain contains a heme active site, a nearby cofactor site for tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) and a C-terminal reductase domain that consists of FMN, FAD, and NADPH binding sites. The structure of the human nNOS heme domain contains cysteine and tryptophan. The NADPH provides electrons for catalysis. These electrons are first passed to FAD and FMN and then the heme. This electron flow is monitored by the binding of CaM and Calcium2+ in the linker region between the two heterodimer domains.
The amino acid composition of asparagine and methionine in rat neuronal NOS are conserved in human nNOS. This amino acid composition influences the binding of inhibitors and makes nNos inhibitors highly selective. The structure of the human nNOS heme domain contains cysteine and tryptophan. The cysteine subunits of one region pack closely against the backbone of histidine in subunits of another region. Crystal packing interactions most likely contribute to the fully ordered N-termini in the NOS structure
There is a flexible surface loop downstream from the Zn2+ binding site. This loop in human nNOS lacks any secondary structure and appears as a random coil. This reflects the flexible nature of nNOS because it can easily adapt to local environment which involves crystal packing. This loop is found near the CaM binding site and can therefore most likely interact with it and affect electron flow.
