| Structural highlights
Function
[ABC3F_HUMAN] DNA deaminase (cytidine deaminase) which acts as an inhibitor of retrovirus replication and retrotransposon mobility via deaminase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Exhibits antiviral activity against vif-deficient HIV-1. After the penetration of retroviral nucleocapsids into target cells of infection and the initiation of reverse transcription, it can induce the conversion of cytosine to uracil in the minus-sense single-strand viral DNA, leading to G-to-A hypermutations in the subsequent plus-strand viral DNA. The resultant detrimental levels of mutations in the proviral genome, along with a deamination-independent mechanism that works prior to the proviral integration, together exert efficient antiretroviral effects in infected target cells. Selectively targets single-stranded DNA and does not deaminate double-stranded DNA or single- or double-stranded RNA. Exhibits antiviral activity also against hepatitis B virus (HBV), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), xenotropic MuLV-related virus (XMRV) and simian foamy virus (SFV) and may inhibit the mobility of LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons. May also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression through the process of active DNA demethylation.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The human APOBEC3 family of DNA cytosine deaminases serves as a front-line intrinsic immune response to inhibit the replication of diverse retroviruses. APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G are the most potent factors against HIV-1. As a countermeasure, HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) targets APOBEC3s for proteasomal degradation. Here we report the crystal structure of the Vif-binding domain in APOBEC3F and a novel assay to assess Vif-APOBEC3 binding. Our results point to an amphipathic surface that is conserved in APOBEC3s as critical for Vif susceptibility in APOBEC3F. Electrostatic interactions likely mediate Vif binding. Moreover, structure-guided mutagenesis reveals a straight ssDNA-binding groove distinct from the Vif-binding site, and an 'aromatic switch' is proposed to explain DNA substrate specificities across the APOBEC3 family. This study opens new lines of inquiry that will further our understanding of APOBEC3-mediated retroviral restriction and provides an accurate template for structure-guided development of inhibitors targeting the APOBEC3-Vif axis.
Structural determinants of HIV-1 Vif susceptibility and DNA binding in APOBEC3F.,Siu KK, Sultana A, Azimi FC, Lee JE Nat Commun. 2013 Nov 4;4:2593. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3593. PMID:24185281[14]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Wiegand HL, Doehle BP, Bogerd HP, Cullen BR. A second human antiretroviral factor, APOBEC3F, is suppressed by the HIV-1 and HIV-2 Vif proteins. EMBO J. 2004 Jun 16;23(12):2451-8. Epub 2004 May 20. PMID:15152192 doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600246
- ↑ Chen H, Lilley CE, Yu Q, Lee DV, Chou J, Narvaiza I, Landau NR, Weitzman MD. APOBEC3A is a potent inhibitor of adeno-associated virus and retrotransposons. Curr Biol. 2006 Mar 7;16(5):480-5. PMID:16527742 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.031
- ↑ Delebecque F, Suspene R, Calattini S, Casartelli N, Saib A, Froment A, Wain-Hobson S, Gessain A, Vartanian JP, Schwartz O. Restriction of foamy viruses by APOBEC cytidine deaminases. J Virol. 2006 Jan;80(2):605-14. PMID:16378963 doi:10.1128/JVI.80.2.605-614.2006
- ↑ Zielonka J, Bravo IG, Marino D, Conrad E, Perkovic M, Battenberg M, Cichutek K, Munk C. Restriction of equine infectious anemia virus by equine APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases. J Virol. 2009 Aug;83(15):7547-59. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00015-09. Epub 2009 May 20. PMID:19458006 doi:10.1128/JVI.00015-09
- ↑ Mbisa JL, Bu W, Pathak VK. APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G inhibit HIV-1 DNA integration by different mechanisms. J Virol. 2010 May;84(10):5250-9. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02358-09. Epub 2010 Mar 10. PMID:20219927 doi:10.1128/JVI.02358-09
- ↑ Paprotka T, Venkatachari NJ, Chaipan C, Burdick R, Delviks-Frankenberry KA, Hu WS, Pathak VK. Inhibition of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus by APOBEC3 proteins and antiviral drugs. J Virol. 2010 Jun;84(11):5719-29. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00134-10. Epub 2010 Mar 24. PMID:20335265 doi:10.1128/JVI.00134-10
- ↑ Stenglein MD, Burns MB, Li M, Lengyel J, Harris RS. APOBEC3 proteins mediate the clearance of foreign DNA from human cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010 Feb;17(2):222-9. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.1744. Epub 2010 Jan , 10. PMID:20062055 doi:10.1038/nsmb.1744
- ↑ Guo JU, Su Y, Zhong C, Ming GL, Song H. Hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine by TET1 promotes active DNA demethylation in the adult brain. Cell. 2011 Apr 29;145(3):423-34. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.022. Epub 2011 Apr, 14. PMID:21496894 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.03.022
- ↑ Hultquist JF, Lengyel JA, Refsland EW, LaRue RS, Lackey L, Brown WL, Harris RS. Human and rhesus APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H demonstrate a conserved capacity to restrict Vif-deficient HIV-1. J Virol. 2011 Nov;85(21):11220-34. doi: 10.1128/JVI.05238-11. Epub 2011 Aug 10. PMID:21835787 doi:10.1128/JVI.05238-11
- ↑ Phalora PK, Sherer NM, Wolinsky SM, Swanson CM, Malim MH. HIV-1 replication and APOBEC3 antiviral activity are not regulated by P bodies. J Virol. 2012 Nov;86(21):11712-24. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00595-12. Epub 2012 Aug 22. PMID:22915799 doi:10.1128/JVI.00595-12
- ↑ Refsland EW, Hultquist JF, Harris RS. Endogenous origins of HIV-1 G-to-A hypermutation and restriction in the nonpermissive T cell line CEM2n. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(7):e1002800. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002800. Epub 2012 Jul, 12. PMID:22807680 doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002800
- ↑ Chaipan C, Smith JL, Hu WS, Pathak VK. APOBEC3G restricts HIV-1 to a greater extent than APOBEC3F and APOBEC3DE in human primary CD4+ T cells and macrophages. J Virol. 2013 Jan;87(1):444-53. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00676-12. Epub 2012 Oct 24. PMID:23097438 doi:10.1128/JVI.00676-12
- ↑ Gillick K, Pollpeter D, Phalora P, Kim EY, Wolinsky SM, Malim MH. Suppression of HIV-1 infection by APOBEC3 proteins in primary human CD4(+) T cells is associated with inhibition of processive reverse transcription as well as excessive cytidine deamination. J Virol. 2013 Feb;87(3):1508-17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02587-12. Epub 2012 Nov 14. PMID:23152537 doi:10.1128/JVI.02587-12
- ↑ Siu KK, Sultana A, Azimi FC, Lee JE. Structural determinants of HIV-1 Vif susceptibility and DNA binding in APOBEC3F. Nat Commun. 2013 Nov 4;4:2593. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3593. PMID:24185281 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3593
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